Penetration of hardwoods by liquids     

Alfred J. Stamm 《Wood Science and Technology》1973,7(4):285-296

Summary Oven dry highly evacuated sticks of the sapwood of various hardwoods, 40 cm long by 1.0 to 1.2 cm in the radial and tangential directions, took up water to the extent of 44 to 82% of saturation by capillary flow in one minute. Heartwood sticks took up 15 to 38% of saturation in one minute. The initial rapid penetration was followed by a penetration in which the take up increase directly with the square root of elapsed time. In this range, the slope of toluene take up plots was about twice that of the water take up. This is close to the theoratical value on the basis of viscous flow control. The linear portion of the plots is followed by a curvilinear decrease in rate of take up to a final equilibrium value. Water take ups approached 100% of the theoretical values.Times to 0.99 of theoretical filling with water varied from 9 minutes for tupelo gum sapwood to 14.6 to 17.3 days for white oak heartwood. Complete filling with toluene was never attained. Diffuse porous hardwoods filled to the extent of 93.5 to 96.5% of saturation. Ring porous oaks filled to the extent of 88 to 92%, the lower values being for heartwood. Edge coating of the sapwood of yellow poplar and yellow birch with epoxy glue reduced the rate of penetration only slightly. End coating reduced the rate to a higher degree. Moisture gradients in the fiber direction for tyloses-free hardwoods were negligible at various stages of penetration, indicating that filling of the vessels was practically instantaneous. White oak heartwood gave an initial longitudinal gradient followed by a negligible gradient, indicating that longitudinal penetration is primarily through the lumen of the fibers rather than continously through the vessels. Longitudinal penetration was calculated to be 31.5 times as deep as transverse penetration in 100 minutes and 33.3 times as deep in 25 minutes for white oak heartwood. The ratios are of the same order of magnitude as for Loblolly pine. In both cases the ratios are smaller than values calculated from the fiber dimensions alone as ray cell penetration and cross grain effects tend to lower the ratios.Paper No. 3947 of the Journal Series of North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of water-stress-responsive genes in hydroponically grown maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seedlings     

Dubos C  Le Provost G  Pot D  Salin F  Lalane C  Madur D  Frigerio JM  Plomion C 《Tree physiology》2003,23(3):169-179

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Shoot growth and crown development: effect of crown position in three-dimensional simulations     

Nikinmaa E  Messier C  Sievänen R  Perttunen J  Lehtonen M 《Tree physiology》2003,23(2):129-136

Trees have been increasingly considered as modular organisms, with individual shoots forming autonomous units that respond semi-independently to their surrounding environment. However, there is evidence for fairly strict hormonal control of tree crown development. Studies on the hydraulic architecture of trees suggest a closer functional connection between shoots and crown development than is postulated by the theory of branch autonomy. We studied how shoot growth pattern influences growth and crown architecture in young Scots pine trees simulated by the LIGNUM model assuming that (a) the growth of a shoot mainly depends on its light climate and (b) the growth of a shoot is influenced by its position within the crown. We determined shoot position within the crown based on a recently developed vigor index. The vigor index compares the relative axis cross-sectional area from the base of the tree to each shoot and gives a value of 1 to the pathway of the greatest cross-sectional area. All other shoots attain values between 0 and 1 depending on their cross-sectional areas and the cross-sectional areas of the branches leading there from the main axis. The shoot light climate is characterized by annually intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. We compared the results from simulations (a) and (b) against an independent data set. The addition of a within-shoot position index (the vigor index) to our simulation (simulation b) resulted in a more realistic tree form than that obtained with simulation (a) alone. We discuss the functional significance of the results as well as the possibilities of using an index of shoot position in simulations of crown architecture.  相似文献   

A two-step modification treatment of solid wood by bulk modification and surface treatment     

Christian Hansmann  Günther Weichslberger  Wolfgang Gindl 《Wood Science and Technology》2005,39(6):502-511

A combination of bulk and surface modification of wood could lead to a product that shows the advantages of both treatments. This study evaluates the penetration of melamine resin into acetylated and silylated cell walls and possible side effects of melamine impregnation on this bulk treatment in order to clarify the feasibility of a combination of the chosen bulk modification (acetylation or silylation) and surface treatments (hardening by melamine modification). UV microscopy confirmed that melamine resin penetrates into wood cell walls even after acetylation and silylation treatment. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the melamine treatment did not lead to substantial washing out of silyl groups with the silylation reagent used. The possibility of a combination of the selected bulk and surface modification methods is given.  相似文献   

Movement of fluids in wood — Part I: Flow of fluids in wood     

Alfred J. Stamm 《Wood Science and Technology》1967,1(2):122-141

Summary The flow of fluids and diffusion through wood follow different laws and vary in effectiveness through different structures. For this reason this review has been divided into two parts, Part I covers flow of fluids and part II diffusion. The conclusions drawn here involve Part I only.Voids in wood vary in size from vessels in hardwoods, which are visible under very low magnification, down to spaces of molecular size. Voids in dry unbulked cell walls of wood cannot exceed a few per cent of the Volume. Reported findings of much higher values are in error due to the fact that the contained moisture and any bulking material in the cell walls was not taken into account. Only polar fluids can penetrate the cell walls where they are held in solid solution by an attractive force greater than that of wood for itself. Flow of this bound liquid through the cell walls is negligible compared to that through the permanent openings in the pit membranes. This fine pit structure controls the rate of flow of fluids through softwoods, the pressure drop occurring in the fiber cavities being negligible compared to that occurring across the pit membrane openings. In the case of hardwoods the pits share this resistance to flow with fine openings in tyloses in the vessels. Flow is 100 to 200 times greater in the fiber direction than transversely for softwoods under the same pressure because about that many more pits have to be traversed per unit distance. From various flow considerations the average effective pit membrane openings range from 10 to 200 millimicrons in radius, the smaller values being for impervious heartwood and the larger values for pervious sapwood.The rate of flow of fluids through wood is highly affected by the presence of air or other gases. Only when great precautions are taken to remove dissolved air can reproducable constant rates of flow be obtained. Considerably more pressure has to be applied to force a gas-liquid interface through wood than to cause flow of the liquid alone. The pressure to cause the first bubble of gas to appear through a liquid saturated specimen of wood as a result of displacement of the liquid can, together with the surface tension, be used to calculate the largest effective radius of all of the paths in parallel, where the effective radius is the smallest radius of each path in series. The maximum radius of the fiber cavities, the maximum effective radius of the pit membrane openings for passage through one pit in each path, and the approximate average maximum effective radius of the pit membrane openings for passage through a large number of pits in series can be calculated from displacement measurements on softwood cross sections varying from the thinnest possible sections to sections many fiber lengths thick. These values for a white cedar sapwood are 30 microns, 2 microns and 0.1 to 0.2 microns respectively. The latter values are 3 to 6 times the most probable pit membrane opening sizes obtained from measurements of the reduction in flow of humidified air through wood as a result of condensation occurring in the communicating openings. The combined data show that the most effective pit membrane openings may range from 0.01 to 2.0 m or more in radius. Considerable resistance to impregnation of wood is afforded by the small openings in resistant species due to the fact that the surface tension effect in the fine communicating openings has to be overcome. This is true even for the impregnation of dry wood, as vapor may condense ahead of the advance of liquid. In order to avoid these surface tension effects, gas phase treatments should be tried.Movement of free water in the drying of water saturated wood is restriced to [1] movement created by an internal hydrostatic head resulting from heating above the boiling point of water or to [2] drying of completely watersaturated wood under conditions such that the drying tension set up in the largest pit membrane opening of a fiber exceeds the proportional limit in compression perpendicular to the grain of the fiber. In this case the fiber collapses as water flows under tension from the fiber cavity. When the resistance to collapse exceeds the drying tension evaporation of water will occur from the largest pit opening and then recede into the fiber cavity. The wet line of the specimen will hence move inwards without internal loss of moisture above the wetline. A normal diffusion controlled drying gradient extends inwards to the fiber saturation point followed by an abrupt increase in moisture content to the original value.Usually the fiber cavities of wood contain some air in bubbles larger than the largest pit membrane openings. In this case free water moves under the drying tension without causing collapse due to the relief of internal stress because of the expansion of the air. Under these conditions the moisture distribution above the fiber-saturation point is a smooth continuation of the portion below the fiber-saturation point. This liquid movement of free water is not a diffusion, but it is controlled by the diffusion below the fiber-saturation point.It is thus evident that the movement of free liquids in wood is quite complex and affected by a number of different factors, the most important of which are to be considered in this paper.

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Zusammenfassung Die Strömung von Flüssigkeiten durch das Holz einerseits und die Diffusion andererseits folgen jeweils verschiedenen Gesetzen und unterscheiden sich in ihrer Auswirkung je nach dem betroffenen Teil des Holzgefüges. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde deshalb in zwei Teilen abgefaßt. Der vorliegende Teil I behandelt die Strömung von Flüssigkeiten, Teil II die Diffusion. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Teiles können wie folgt zusammengefaßt werden.Die Hohlräume im Holz variieren in Form und Größe von großen Gefäßen in Laubhölzern, die man sehon bei geringen Vergrößerungen erkennen kann, bis hinab zu kleinsten Zwischenräumen von molekularer Größenordnung. Die Hohlräume in trockenem ungequollenem Holz können einen Anteil von weingen Prozent nicht überschreiten. Berichte über wesentlich höhere Werte sind insofern falsch, als hierbei die in den Zellwänden enthaltene Feuchtigkeit und sämtliche füllenden Stoffe nicht mit in Rechnung gestellt werden. Nur polare Flüssigkeiten können in die Zellwände eindringen, wo sie in fester Lösung durch eine Kraft festgehalten werden, die größer ist als die Kohäsionskraft im Holze selbst. Der Fluß dieser gebundenen Flüssigkeit durch die Zellwände ist vernachlässigbar gering im Vergleich zu dem, der ständig durch die Öffnungen der Tüpfelmembranen stattfindet. Diese Elemente des Tüpfelaufbaues regeln die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der Flüssigkeiten in Weichhölzern, da der Druckabfall in den Faserhohlräumen im Vergleich zu demjenigen, der durch die Membranöffnungen bedingt wird, vernachlässigbar klein ist. Bei den Harthölzern teilen die Tüpfel diesen Strömungswiderstand zusammen mit feinen Öffnungen in den Thyllen, die sich in den Gefäßen befinden. Die Strömung ist in Längsrichtung 100 bis 200 mal größer als bei Weichhölzern in Querrichtung bei gleichem Druck, da bei diesen wesentlich mehr Tüpfel je Längeneinheit durchströmt werden müssen.Auf Grund verschiedener Beobachtungen läßt sich feststellen, daß die effektive mittlere Weite der Tüpfelmembranöffnungen einen Radius zwischen 10 und 200 m haben; die kleineren Werte gelten für das wenig durchlässige Kernholz, die größeren für das durchlässigere Splintholz.Der Flüssigkeitsstrom durch das Holz wird weiterhin in hohem Maße von der Gegenwart von Luft oder anderen Gasen beeinflußt. Nur unter Anwendung verhältnismäßig aufwendiger Vorkehrungen zur Entfernung der in Lösung gegangenen Luft ist es möglich, reproduzierbar gleichmäßige Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten zu erhalten. Gegenüber einem reinen Flüssigkeitsstrom benötigt man für ein Flüssigkeits-Gasgemisch einen wesentlich höheren Druck, um es durch das Holz zu führen. Der Druck, der notwendig ist, um die erste Gasblase als Ergebnis einer Flüssigkeitsverdrängung in einem flüssigkeitsgesättigten Holz zu erzeugen, kann zusammen mit der Oberflächenspannung zur Berechnung des größten wirksamen Radius aller parallel laufenden Durchflußwege verwendet werden, wobei dieser wirksame Radius gleichzeitig auch der kleinste Radius aller in Serie, d. h. hintereinander liegenden Durchflußwege ist. Der größte Radius der Faserhohlräume, der größte wirksame Radius der Tüpfelmembranöffnungen für den Durchfluß durch einen Tüpfel jedes Durchflußweges und der mittlere größte wirksame Radius der Tüpfelmembranöffnungen für den Durchfluß durch eine größere Anzahl hintereinander liegender Tüpfel kann mit Hilfe von Verdrängungsmessungen an Weichholzquerschnitten, deren Dicke vom Mikrotomschnitt bis zum mehrere Faserlängen dicken Stück reicht, berechnet werden. Diese Dicken betragen für White cedar Splintholz 30 m, 2 m bzw. 0,1... 0,2 m. Die letztgenannten Zahlen sind das drei- bis sechsfache der am häufigsten auftretenden Größe der membranöffnungen, Sie wurden durch Messung des Abfalles der Durchflußmenge feuchter Luft durch Holz, der durch Kondensationserscheinungen in den zusammenhängenden Öffnungen zustande kam, ermittelt. Die errechneten Daten lassen erkennen, daß der Radius der am häufigsten auftretenden wirksamen Tüpfelmembranöffnungen zwischen 0,01 und 0,02 m liegt. Der große Widerstand gegen die Imprägneirung von Holz muß auf die sehr kleinen Membranöffnungen bei den schwer zu imprägnierenden Holzarten zurückgeführt werden, und zwar auf Grund der Tatsache, daß die Oberflächenspannung in den jeweiligen öffnungen der Feinstruktur überwunden werden muß. Dies gilt auch für die Imprägnierung von trockenem Holz, da die dampfförmige Phase schon vor der vordringenden Flüssigkeit kondensieren kann. Um also diese Oberflächenspannungseffekte zu umgehen, erscheint es sinnvoll, Behandlungsverfahren mit gasförmigen Mitteln zu entwickeln.Die Bewegung von freiem Wasser während der Trocknung wassergesättigten Holzes ist beschränkt 1. auf eine Bewegung, die durch ein inneres hydrostatisches Druckgefälle infolge der Erwärmung über den Siedepunkt des Wassers herbeigeführt wird, oder 2. auf die Trocknung von wassergesättigtem Holz unter der Bedingung, daß die Trocknungsspannung, die sich in der größten Tüpfelmembranöffnung einer Faser ausbildet, die Proportionalitätsgrenze für den Druck senkrecht zur Faserrichtung überschreitet. In diesem Falle kollabiert die Faser, da das Wasser unter Zugspannung aus dem Faserhohlraum ausfließt. Ist jedoch der Widerstand gegen den Zellkollaps größer als die Trocknungsspannung, so tritt an der größten Tüpfelöffnung Verdampfung ein und anschließend der Rückfluß in den Faserhohlraum. Die Feuchtigkeitszone in einer Holzprobe wird also in Richtung auf das Zentrum zu immer kleiner, ohne daß die Feuchtigkeit innerhalb der Zone selbst absinkt. Ein gewöhnliches diffusionsgesteuertes Feuchtigkeitsgefälle erstreckt sich nach innen bis zum Fasersättigungspunkt, gefolgt von einem plötzlichen Feuchtigkeitsanstieg bis zum Ausgangswert.Im Normalfalle enthalten aber die Faserhohlräume des Holzes einige Luftblasen, die größer sind als die größte Tüpfelmembranöffnung. Dabei fließt das freie Wasser unter der Trocknungsspannung ab, ohne daß ein Kollaps eintritt, da die innere Spannung auf Grund der Ausdehnung der Luft herabgemindert wird. Unter diesen Bedingungen bildet die Feuchtigkeitsverteilung oberhalb des Fasersättigungspunktes einen ziemlich glatten Übergang zu dem Teil unterhalb des Fasersättigungspunktes. Diese Art der Feuchtigkeitsbewegung des freien Wassers ist zwar keine Diffusion, aber sie wird durch die Diffusion unterhalb des Fasersättigungspunktes gesteuert. Aus all dem geht klar hervor, daß die Bewegung freier Flüssigkeiten in Holz sehr komplex ist und von einer ganzen Reihe verschiedener Faktoren beeinflußt wird, deren wichtigste hier besprochen werden sollen.

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Contribution from the School of Forestry, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina, published with the approval of the Director of Research as Paper No. 2141 of the Journal Series.  相似文献   

Adaptation of the LIGNUM model for simulations of growth and light response in Jack pine     

Ernest Lo  Zhang Ming Wang  Martin Lechowicz  Christian Messier  Eero Nikinmaa  Jari Perttunen  Risto Sievanen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2001,150(3):26-291

LIGNUM is a whole tree model, developed for Pinus sylvestris in Finland, that combines tree metabolism with a realistic spatial distribution of morphological parts. We hypothesize that its general concepts, which include the pipe model, functional balance, yearly carbon budget, and a set of architectural growth rules, are applicable to all trees. Adaptation of the model to Pinus banksiana, a widespread species of economic importance in North America, is demonstrated.

Conversion of the model to Jack pine entailed finding new values for 16 physiological and morphological parameters, and three growth functions. Calibration of the LIGNUM Jack pine model for open grown trees up to 15 years of age was achieved by matching crown appearance and structural parameters (height, foliage biomass, aboveground biomass) with those of real trees. A sensitivity study indicated that uncertainty in the photosynthesis and respiration parameters will primarily cause changes to the net annual carbon gain, which can be corrected through calibration of the growth rate. The effect of a decrease in light level on height, biomass, total tree branch length, and productivity were simulated and compared with field data. Additional studies yielded insight into branch pruning, carbon allocation patterns, crown structure, and carbon stress. We discuss the value of the LIGNUM model as a tool for understanding tree growth and survival dynamics in natural and managed forests.  相似文献   

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)     

Evgenii Sharapov  Christian Brischke  Holger Militz  Elena Smirnova 《Wood material science & engineering》2020,15(4):198-204

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.  相似文献   

Estimating “autotrophic” belowground respiration in spruce and beech forests: decreases following girdling     

Christian?P.?Andersen  Ivan?Nikolov  Petia?Nikolova  Rainer?Matyssek  Karl-Heinz?H?berleEmail author 《European Journal of Forest Research》2005,124(3):155-163

Seasonal fluxes of CO₂ from soil and the contribution of autotrophic (root + mycorrhizal) to total soil respiration (SR) were estimated for a mixed stand of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe. Mature trees of each species were girdled in August 2002 to eliminate carbohydrate allocation to roots. SR was measured at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5/2.0 m from the bole of each tree at 1–2 weeks intervals throughout the fall of 2002 and monthly during the spring and summer of 2003. The contribution of roots and mycorrhizae to total SR was estimated by the decrease in SR compared to ungirdled control trees to account for seasonal patterns evident in controls. SR decreased with soil temperature in the fall 2002 and increased again in 2003 as soil warmed. During most of the study period, SR was strongly related to soil temperature. During the dry summer of 2003, however, SR appeared to be uncoupled from temperature and was strongly related to soil water content (SWC). Mean rates of SR in beech and spruce control plots as well as root densities did not show a clear pattern with distance from the bole. SR decreased to levels below controls in beech within a few days after girdling, whereas spruce did not show a significant decrease until October 2002, 6 weeks after girdling. In both beech and spruce, decreased SR in response to girdling was greatest closest to the bole, possibly reflecting increased mycorrhizal activity close to the bole. Autotrophic respiration was estimated in beech to be as much as 50% of the total SR in the stand. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was less certain for spruce, although close to the bole, the autotrophic fraction may contribute to total SR as much as in beech. The large fraction of autotrophic respiration in total SR requires better understanding of tree level stresses that affect carbon allocation below ground.  相似文献   

Constraints on light interception efficiency due to shoot architecture in broad-leaved Nothofagus species     

Niinemets U  Cescatti A  Christian R 《Tree physiology》2004,24(6):617-630

Shoot architecture may significantly alter mean quantum flux on foliage and thus, photosynthetic productivity. There is currently only limited information about plastic alterations in shoot structure caused by within-canopy variation in mean integrated irradiance (Q(int)) in broad-leaved trees. We studied leaf and shoot structure, and nitrogen and carbon content in late-successional, widely distributed, temperate, broad-leaved Nothofagus taxa to determine the architectural controls on light harvesting and photosynthetic performance. Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) Oersted has larger leaves and less densely leaved shoots than the N. solandri varieties. Nothofagus solandri var. solandri (Hook. f.) Oersted is characterized by rounder leaves that potentially have a larger overlap than the ovate-triangular leaves of N. solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole. Leaf dry mass (M(A)) and nitrogen content (N(A)) per unit area increased with increasing Q(int) in all species, demonstrating enhanced investment of photosynthetic biomass in high light. Although M(A) differed between species at a common irradiance, there was a uniform relationship between N(A) and Q(int) across species. Leaf carbon content per dry mass and leaf dry mass to fresh mass ratio also scaled positively with irradiance, suggesting greater structural investments in high light. In all species, shoots became more horizontal and flatter at lower Q(int), implying an enhanced use efficiency of direct irradiance in natural leaf positions. In contrast, irradiance effects on leaf aggregation varied among species. Across the data, leaf overlap or leaf area density was often greater at lower irradiances, possibly as a result of limited carbon availability for shoot axis extension growth. In N. fusca, leaves of which were more aggregated in high light, the shoot silhouette to total leaf area ratio (S(S)) declined strongly with increasing irradiance, demonstrating a lower light harvesting efficiency at high Q(int). This effect was only moderate in N. solandri var. cliffortioides and S(S) was independent of Q(int) in N. solandri var. solandri. Although the efficiency of light interception at high irradiances was lowest in N. fusca, this species had the greatest nitrogen content per unit shoot silhouette area (2N(A)/S(S)), indicating superior shoot-level photosynthetic potential. These data collectively demonstrate that shoot architecture significantly affects light interception and photosynthesis in broad-leaved trees, and that structural carbon limitations may constrain leaf light harvesting efficiency at low irradiance.  相似文献   

Laser ablation-combustion-GC-IRMS--a new method for online analysis of intra-annual variation of delta13C in tree rings     

Schulze B  Wirth C  Linke P  Brand WA  Kuhlmann I  Horna V  Schulze ED 《Tree physiology》2004,24(11):1193-1201

We present a new, rapid method for high-resolution online determination of delta13C in tree rings, combining laser ablation (LA), combustion (C), gas chromatography (GC) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) (LA-C-GC-IRMS). Sample material was extracted every 6 min with a UV-laser from a tree core, leaving 40-microm-wide holes. Ablated wood dust was combusted to CO2 at 700 degrees C, separated from other gases on a GC column and injected into an isotope ratio mass spectrometer after removal of water vapor. The measurements were calibrated against an internal and an external standard. The tree core remained intact and could be used for subsequent dendrochronological and dendrochemical analyses. Cores from two Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris spp. sibirica Lebed.) from central Siberia were sampled. Inter- and intra-annual patterns of delta13C in whole-wood and lignin-extracted cores were indistinguishable apart from a constant offset, suggesting that lignin extraction is unnecessary for our method. Comparison with the conventional method (microtome slicing, elemental analysis and IRMS) indicated high accuracy of the LA-C-GC-IRMS measurements. Patterns of delta13C along three parallel ablation lines on the same core showed high congruence. A conservative estimate of the precision was +/- 0.24 per thousand. Isotopic patterns of the two Scots pine trees were broadly similar, indicating a signal related to the forest stand's climate history. The maximum variation in delta13C over 22 years was about 5 per thousand, ranging from -27 to -22.3 per thousand. The most obvious pattern was a sharp decline in delta13C during latewood formation and a rapid increase with spring early growth. We conclude that the LA-C-GC-IRMS method will be useful in elucidating short-term climate effects on the delta13C signal in tree rings.  相似文献