A meta‐analysis of fish behavioural reaction to underwater human presence     

Diogo S. M. Samia  Eduardo Bessa  Daniel T. Blumstein  Jos A. C. C. Nunes  Ernesto Azzurro  Lorenzo Morroni  Valerio Sbragaglia  Fraser A. Januchowski‐Hartley  Benjamin Geffroy 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(5):817-829

In an increasingly anthropic world, humans have profound impacts on the distribution and behaviour of marine fishes. The increased human presence has modified fishes’ antipredator behavioural responses, and consequently flight decisions, as a function of their changed perceptions of risk. Understanding how fish react to human presence can help identify the most vulnerable functional groups/species and estimate impacts caused by human disturbance. Shoal and body size are known to influence fish flight initiation distance (FID; the distance between the predator and prey when the prey begins to escape); however, few studies attempt to test the moderators of these relationships. Here, we present a comprehensive meta‐analysis evaluating FID of fish in response to human presence. Specifically, we investigated six candidate moderators that could influence the relationship between FID with shoal and body size. Our results showed that individual fish size was strongly and positively correlated with FID and the most important moderator that explained the variance in individual body size‐FID relationship was shoaling behaviour. However, and somehow surprisingly, we detected no significant relationship between shoal size and FID. We discuss how these results can inform the development of fish conservation strategies and ultimately assist in the management of marine protected areas.  相似文献   

The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative: Promoting scientific support for global ocean governance     

David Johnson  Christopher Barrio Frojn  Nicholas Bax  Piers Dunstan  Skipton Woolley  Pat Halpin  Daniel Dunn  Carolina Hazin  Maria Dias  Tammy Davies  Jorge Jimnez  Erick Ross  Cindy Van Dover  Giuseppe Notarbartolo Di Sciara  Erich Hoyt  Michael J. Tetley  Vikki Gunn  Henning Von Nordheim 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(Z2):162-169

Modelling effects of invasive species and drought on crayfish extinction risk and population dynamics     

Allyson N. Yarra  Daniel D. Magoulick 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(1):1-11

Inheritance of Striga hermonthica adaptive traits in an early‐maturing white maize inbred line containing resistance genes from Zea diploperennis     

Ijeoma C. Akaogu  Baffour Badu‐Apraku  Pangirayi Tongoona  Hernan Ceballos  Vernon Gracen  S. K. Offei  Daniel Dzidzienyo 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(5):546-552

Striga hermonthica can cause as high as 100% yield loss in maize depending on soil fertility level, type of genotype, severity of infestation and climatic conditions. Understanding the mode of inheritance of Striga resistance in maize is crucial for introgression of resistance genes into tropical germplasm and deployment of resistant varieties. This study examined the mode of inheritance of resistance to Striga in early‐maturing inbred line, TZdEI 352 containing resistance genes from Zea diploperennis. Six generations, P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂ derived from a cross between resistant line, TZdEI 352 and susceptible line, TZdEI 425 were screened under artificial Striga infestation at Mokwa and Abuja, Nigeria, 2015. Additive‐dominance model was adequate in describing observed variations in the number of emerged Striga plants among the population; hence, digenic epistatic model was adopted for Striga damage. Dominance effects were higher than the additive effects for the number of emerged Striga plants at both locations signifying that non‐additive gene action conditioned inheritance of Striga resistance. Inbred TZdEI 352 could serve as invaluable parent for hybrid development in Striga endemic agro‐ecologies of sub‐Saharan Africa.  相似文献   

Aclonifen targets solanesyl diphosphate synthase,representing a novel mode of action for herbicides     

Sabine Kahlau  Florian Schrder  Jrg Freigang  Bernd Laber  Gudrun Lange  Daniel Passon  Sabrina Kleeßen  Marc Lohse  Arno Schulz  Pascal von Koskull‐Dring  Sebastian Klie  Sascha Gille 《Pest management science》2020,76(10):3377-3388

  相似文献   

Is DEET a dangerous neurotoxicant?     

Daniel R Swale  Jeffrey R Bloomquist 《Pest management science》2019,75(8):2068-2070

Controversies surrounding the safety of N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET) when used as an insect repellent are centered around conflicting findings in the scientific literature and inaccurate reporting in the public media. Lethal cases of DEET poisoning are few, and usually due to deliberate or other overdoses that ignore product label instructions. Deleterious effects of DEET typically involve skin reactions and even when encephalopathies, such as seizures, occur they often abate without sequelae. Recent mode‐of‐action studies prove it has little direct effect on acetylcholinesterase, and have identified G protein‐coupled receptors as a site of action deserving of further investigation. Studies with pregnant women found that DEET had no effect on the developing fetus from proper use and its continued deployment as a repellent is endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency, with specific recommendations of how it should be used on children. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Hybrid‐type strigolactone analogues derived from auxins     

Daniel Blanco‐Ania  Jurgen J Mateman  Adla Hýlov  Luk&#x; Spíchal  Luc M Debie  Binne Zwanenburg 《Pest management science》2019,75(11):3113-3121

  相似文献   

Effects of off‐bottom shellfish aquaculture on winter habitat use by molluscivorous sea ducks     

Ramūnas Žydelis  Daniel Esler  Molly Kirk  W. Sean Boyd 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2009,19(1):34-42

• 1. Shellfish farming is an expanding segment of marine aquaculture, but environmental effects of this industry are only beginning to be considered.
• 2. The interaction between off‐bottom, suspended oyster farming and wintering sea ducks in coastal British Columbia was studied. Specifically, the habitat use of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), the most abundant sea duck species in the study area, was evaluated in relation to natural environmental attributes and shellfish aquaculture.
• 3. The extent of shellfish farming was the best‐supported habitat variable explaining variation in surf scoter densities, and the only habitat attribute from the considered set that was a strong predictor of Barrow's goldeneye densities. In both cases, the findings indicated strong positive relationships between densities of sea ducks and shellfish aquaculture operations. These relationships are presumably the result of large numbers of wild mussels (Mytilus trossulus) that settle and grow on aquaculture structures and are preferred prey of these sea ducks.
• 4. Previous work has shown that aquaculture structures provide good conditions for recruiting and growing mussels, including refuge from invertebrate predators, which in turn provides higher densities of higher quality prey for sea ducks than available in intertidal areas. This offers a rare example in which introduction of an industry leads to positive effects on wildlife populations, which is particularly important given persistent declines in numbers of many sea ducks.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Identification of a spatially efficient portfolio of priority conservation sites in marine and estuarine areas of Florida   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Laura Geselbracht  Roberto Torres  Graeme S. Cumming  Daniel Dorfman  Michael Beck  Douglas Shaw 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2009,19(4):408-420

• 1. A systematic conservation planning approach using benthic habitat and imperilled species data along with the site prioritization algorithm, MARXAN, was used to identify a spatially efficient portfolio of marine and estuarine sites around Florida with high biodiversity value.
• 2. Ensuring the persistence of an adequate geographic representation of conservation targets in a particular area is a key goal of conservation. In this context, development and testing of different approaches to spatially‐explicit marine conservation planning remains an important priority.
• 3. This detailed case study serves as a test of existing approaches while also demonstrating some novel ways in which current methods can be tailored to fit the complexities of marine planning.
• 4. The paper reports on investigations of the influence of varying several algorithm inputs on resulting portfolio scenarios including the conservation targets (species observations, habitat distribution, etc.) included, conservation target goals, and socio‐economic factors.
• 5. This study concluded that engaging stakeholders in the development of a site prioritization framework is a valuable strategy for identifying broadly accepted selection criteria; universal target representation approaches are more expedient to use as algorithm inputs, but may fall short in capturing the impact of historic exploitation patterns for some conservation targets; socio‐economic factors are best considered subsequent to the identification of priority conservation sites when biodiversity value is the primary driver of site selection; and the influence of surrogate targets on portfolio selection should be thoroughly investigated to ensure unintended effects are avoided.
• 6. The priority sites identified in this analysis can be used to guide allocation of limited conservation and management resources.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Microbial community diversity associated with the intestinal mucosa of farmed rainbow trout (Oncoryhnchus mykiss Walbaum)     

Daniel L Merrifield  Dean Burnard  Graham Bradley  Simon J Davies  & Remi T M Baker 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(9):1064-1072

Bacterial communities from the intestinal tract of rainbow trout were investigated to assess transient and resident microbial communities using both culture-based and culture-independent techniques. Viable counts attached to the intestinal mucosa were in the range of log 4.77–5.38 and log 6.67–6.79 CFU g⁻¹ in the intestinal contents. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae constituted nearly 80% of the allochthonous population but <60% of the autochthonous populations. This coincided with an elevated mucosal level of a group of Gram-positive rods from ∼2% in the digesta to 25–35% on the mucosa. This group was identified by 16S rRNA as Arthrobacter aurescens and Janibacter spp. HTCC2649. Analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns showed complex communities in all intestinal regions. Similarity coefficients showed that mucosal communities were ∼70% similar to digesta communities and yet due to the presence of bands found uniquely either in the digesta or on the mucosa, the communities are distinctly different. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed mucosal bacterial populations and highlighted a possible localized colonization between mucosal folds. The study highlights the complexity of resident microbial communities that have not been fully explored in previous rainbow trout studies; this is especially true with probiotic/prebiotic investigations.  相似文献