Cytoarchitecture, morphology, and lumbosacral spinal cord projections of the red nucleus in cattle     

Chiocchetti R  Bombardi C  Grandis A  Mazzuoli G  Gentile A  Pisoni L  Joechler M  Lucchi ML 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(10):1662-1669

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the morphology, cytoarchitecture, and lumbosacral spinal cord projections of the red nucleus (RN) in cattle. ANIMALS: 8 healthy Friesian male calves. PROCEDURES: Anesthetized calves underwent a dorsal laminectomy at L5. Eight bilateral injections (lateral to the midline) of the neuronal retrograde fluorescent tracer fast blue (FB) were administered into the exposed lumbosacral portion of the spinal cord. A postsurgical calf survival time of 38 to 55 days was used. Following euthanasia, the midbrain and the L5-S2 spinal cord segments were removed. Nissl's method of staining was applied on paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of the midbrain. RESULTS: The mean length of the RN from the caudal to cranial end ranged from 6,680 to 8,640 microm. The magnocellular and parvicellular components of the RN were intermixed throughout the nucleus, but the former predominate at the caudal portion of the nucleus and the latter at the cranial portion with a gradual transitional zone. The FB-labeled neurons were found along the entire craniocaudal extension of the nucleus, mainly in its ventrolateral part. The number of FB-labeled neurons was determined in 4 calves, ranging from 191 to 1,469 (mean, 465). The mean cross-sectional area of the FB-labeled neurons was approximately 1,680 microm2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In cattle, small, medium, and large RN neurons, located along the entire craniocaudal extension of the RN, contribute to the rubrospinal tract reaching the L6-S1 spinal cord segments. Thus, in cattle, as has been shown in cats, the RN parvicellular population also projects to the spinal cord.  相似文献   

Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs     

Westermarck E  Wiberg ME 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,228(2):225-229

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of dietary modification on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs. DESIGN: Blinded randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 21 dogs with EPI. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed the diet they received at home for 2 weeks. Thereafter, they received 3 special diets (a high-fat diet, a high-fiber diet, and a highly digestible low-residue diet) for 3 weeks each. Owners scored dogs daily for the last 2 weeks of each 3-week period for severity of 6 clinical signs including appetite, defecation frequency, consistency of feces, borborygmus, flatulence, and coprophagia. An EPI index was calculated for each dog by adding the daily scores for each clinical sign. RESULTS: Significant differences in daily EPI indices among diets were observed in 20 dogs. The original diet appeared to be the most suitable in 8 dogs, whereas the high-fat diet was most suitable in 5 dogs, the high-fiber diet was most suitable in 4 dogs, and the low-residue diet was most suitable in 2 dogs. In 1 dog, the lowest EPI index score was the same during the original diet and the high-fat diet feeding periods. One dog did not complete the feeding period for the high-fiber diet. Differences in mean EPI indices among diets were not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that responses to different diets varied among individual dogs. Because responses to the feeding regimens were unpredictable, it is suggested that feeding regimens be individually formulated for dogs with EPI.  相似文献   

Pectobacterium spp. associated with bacterial stem rot syndrome of potato in Canada     

De Boer SH  Li X  Ward LJ 《Phytopathology》2012,102(10):937-947

Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, and P. wasabiae were detected in potato stems with blackleg symptoms using species- and subspecies-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The tests included a new assay for P. wasabiae based on the phytase gene sequence. Identification of isolates from diseased stems by biochemical or physiological characterization, PCR, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) largely confirmed the PCR detection of Pectobacterium spp. in stem samples. P. atrosepticum was most commonly present but was the sole Pectobacterium sp. detected in only 52% of the diseased stems. P. wasabiae was most frequently present in combination with P. atrosepticum and was the sole Pectobacterium sp. detected in 13% of diseased stems. Pathogenicity of P. wasabiae on potato and its capacity to cause blackleg disease were demonstrated by stem inoculation and its isolation as the sole Pectobacterium sp. from field-grown diseased plants produced from inoculated seed tubers. Incidence of P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis was low in diseased stems, and the ability of Canadian strains to cause blackleg in plants grown from inoculated tubers was not confirmed. Canadian isolates of P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis differed from Brazilian isolates in diagnostic biochemical tests but conformed to the subspecies in PCR specificity and typing by MLST.  相似文献   

The use of digital image analysis and real‐time PCR fine‐tunes bioassays for quantification of Cercospora leaf spot disease in sugar beet breeding     

B. M. A. De Coninck  O. Amand  S. L. Delauré  S. Lucas  N. Hias  G. Weyens  J. Mathys  E. De Bruyne  B. P. A. Cammue 《Plant pathology》2012,61(1):76-84

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is a major fungal sugar beet disease worldwide and the cause of significant yield losses. The disease is most successfully countered by the introduction of genetic tolerance into elite sugar beet hybrids. To this end, breeding programmes require high quality biological assays allowing discrimination of minor differences between plants within a segregating population. This study describes the successful implementation of image analysis software in the bioassays for quantification of necrotic lesions at different stages of C. beticola infection, allowing selection on minor phenotypic differences during the sugar beet breeding process for C. beticola resistance. In addition, a real‐time PCR assay was developed for the quantification of C. beticola pathogen biomass in infected beet canopy. The use of both techniques, even in an early stage of infection, fine‐tunes current bioassays, allowing more accurate and efficient selection of resistant breeding material.  相似文献   

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action     

Franck E. Dayan  Maria Leticia de M. Zaccaro 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,102(3):189-197

Photosynthesis is the single most important source of O₂ and organic chemical energy necessary to support all non-autotrophic life forms. Plants compartmentalize this elaborate biochemical process within chloroplasts in order to safely harness the power of solar energy and convert it into usable chemical units. Stresses (biotic or abiotic) that challenge the integrity of the plant cell are likely to affect photosynthesis and alter chlorophyll fluorescence. A simple three-step assay was developed to test selected herbicides representative of the known herbicide mechanisms of action and a number of natural phytotoxins to determine their effect on photosynthesis as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. The most active compounds were those interacting directly with photosynthesis (inhibitors of photosystem I and II), those inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, and those with mechanisms of action generating reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (uncouplers and inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Other active compounds targeted lipids (very-long-chain fatty acid synthase and removal of cuticular waxes). Therefore, induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cichorii pathogenic on chicory (Cichorium intybus)     

Anna Poli  Giovanna Gilardi  Davide Spadaro  Maria Lodovica Gullino  Angelo Garibaldi 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(4):383-391

Fusarium oxysporum is a ubiquitous soilborne ascomycete responsible for vascular wilt in many plant species worldwide. This species comprises more than 120 putative host-specific formae speciales capable of causing marked economic losses. In summer 2009, wilt symptoms, including chlorosis and poor development of the root system, were observed on cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in northern Italy. The causal agent isolated from symptomatic tissues in this case was identified as F. oxysporum on the basis of both morphological features and molecular analyses. In this work, we attempted to characterize the isolates of F. oxysporum from C. intybus by both biological and molecular approaches. Pathogenicity trials performed on five species of the Asteraceae family with isolates of F. oxysporum from C. intybus indicated that the pathogen has a unique host range, infecting chicory only. Neither lettuce nor endive, lawn daisy or Paris daisy developed the disease. Five cultivars within C. intybus species were tested, and the cv. ??Clio?? was the most susceptible. Phylogenetic analyses relative to the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-??) assigned isolates pathogenic to chicory to a single cluster, distinct from other pathogenic F. oxysporum. In light of these findings, we propose to designate this organism as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cichorii.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of cocooned pupae and adults of the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microplitis mediator</Emphasis> to selected insecticides     

Joachim Moens  Luc Tirry  Patrick De Clercq 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(1):5-9

The braconid parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) is a key natural enemy of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.), in Europe. In the context of an Integrated Pest Management approach, the use of selective insecticides is essential for the conservation of naturally occurring beneficial arthropods. The present laboratory study investigated the side effects of six insecticides applied at recommended field rates on adults and cocooned pupae of M. mediator. Male and female parasitoids were paired in drum cells contaminated with dry residues of insecticides. Besides lethal effects after 24 h, parasitization capacity and longevity of the surviving parasitoids was evaluated. Lethal effects on cocooned pupae were also investigated by assessing adult emergence from treated cocoons. Pirimicarb caused 100% adult mortality after 24 h, whereas the other tested insecticides caused no direct toxic effects. However, sub-lethal effects in terms of reduced parasitization activity, percentage of parasitism or female longevity were found for flonicamid, pymetrozine, spinosad and thiacloprid. Spirotetramat shortened only male longevity. Adult emergence from treated cocoons was reduced only by flonicamid and pymetrozine.  相似文献   

Conventional and real-time PCR for the identification of Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium proliferatum from diseased rice tissues and seeds     

Maria Teresa Amatulli  Davide Spadaro  Maria Lodovica Gullino  Angelo Garibaldi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,134(2):401-408

Fusarium fujikuroi is a species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) and the causal agent of bakanae disease on rice. Even if F. fujikuroi is the most abundant Fusarium species found on rice, other species can also be isolated from rice, such as F. proliferatum. Multiple alignment of translation elongation factor (TEF) gene sequences of different Fusarium spp., showed a deletion of six nucleotides in F. fujikuroi sequence and a two nucleotide polymorphism in the same region of F. proliferatum sequence. These elements of variability were used to develop a conventional and Real-Time PCR assay for diagnosis. The species specific primer pairs (Fuji1F/TEF1R and Proli1F/TEF1R) gave a product of 179 and 188?bp for F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum respectively. Primer specificity was confirmed by analyzing the DNA of the most representative species of the GFSC and 298 strains of Fusarium spp. isolated from rice plants and seeds in Italy. The specific primers were also successfully used to detect fungal presence directly from infected rice tissues and seeds, providing a rapid tool for the early detection of pathogen contamination.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of common herbaceous crops to Phytophthora cinnamomi and its influence on Quercus root rot in rangelands     

María S. Serrano  Pilar Fernández-Rebollo  Paolo De Vita  M. Esperanza Sánchez 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,134(2):409-414

The susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi of four crops (wheat, oat, vetch, and yellow lupin) commonly planted in rangeland ecosystems in southern Spain was evaluated. By means of in vitro infection experiments, the presence of the pathogen into the roots of yellow lupin (symptomatic) and vetch (asymptomatic) was observed, but never into wheat and oat roots (asymptomatic). It was also demonstrated that yellow lupin stimulated the production of zoospores of P. cinnamomi. Vetch, wheat and oat did not stimulate zoospore production. Under controlled conditions, only yellow lupin induced an increase in the number of viable chlamydospores in the soil. We concluded that the culture of wheat, oat, and vetch in rangelands did not influence the epidemiology of the Quercus root disease, even when asymptomatically-infected vetch is grown, and these crops can constitute an alternative to the culture of yellow lupin in rangeland ecosystems affected by Quercus root rot.  相似文献   

Biometrical, biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of Meloidogyne incognita isolates and related species     

Marcilene Fernandes Almeida dos Santos  Cleber Furlanetto  Maria Rita Alves Almeida  Marina Dechechi Gomes Carneiro  Fabiane Castro Mota  Ana Cristina Meneses Mendes Gomes  Natália Orrú Reis Silveira  Joelma Gardênia Pereira Silva  Philippe Castagnone-Sereno  Myrian Silvana Tigano  Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes Carneiro 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,134(4):671-684

Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most polyphagous species of root-knot nematodes occurring in Brazil and worldwide. Eight M. incognita isolates were studied, representing two enzymatic phenotypes (esterase and malate desydrogenase: I1/N1, I2/N1) and four cryptic Meloidogyne sp.1 (S2/N1) isolates, representing one cytological type (3n?=?40–46). Three M. hispanica isolates (Hi3/N1, 2n?=?32–36) and two of an atypical Meloidogyne sp.2 (S2a/N3, 3n?=?40–44) were included in this study for comparison. All isolates were tested with three M. incognita-specific molecular markers. The primer pairs B06F/R, miF/R and incK14F/R amplified three species-specific fragments of 1,200?bp, 955?bp and 399?bp, respectively for M. incognita and Meloidogyne sp.1 isolates. No amplification occurred in the M. hispanica and Meloidogyne sp.2 isolates, except with primers miF/R (1,650?bp). The genetic variability of the Meloidogyne spp. isolates was evaluated, using RAPD and ISSR markers. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two strongly supported monophyletic clades: clade I, consisting of M. hispanica and the atypical Meloidogyne sp.2 isolates, and clade II, clustering together all M. incognita and the Meloidogyne sp.1 isolates. Considering the biometrical, cytological and molecular approaches, it was possible to conclude that the isolates with three enzymatic phenotypes (I1/N1, I2/N1 and S2/N1) presented the characteristics described for M. incognita. Some correlations were detected between the isozymatic phenotypes and the tree topology (S2a/N3, Hi3/N1, I1/N1, S2/N1), but no strict correlation could be observed for the phenotype I2/N1 and one isolate of S2/N1. Morphologically, the Msp.2 isolates differ from M. incognita and M. hispanica by the female stylet features presenting straight cone tip and round pear shaped knobs, posteriorly sloping. The results of this study suggested that the Msp.2 isolates with phenotypes S2aN3 belong to a new or an unidentified species closely related to M. hispanica.  相似文献