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Image magnification is inherent in radiography. In digital fluoroscopy, the three components of magnification are geometric, electronic and photographic. In this study, the total magnification factor of a digital imaging system was determined by two methods, 1) comparison of measurements of a known object to its image and 2) calculation of geometric, electronic and photographic magnification from the imaging system specifications. Both methods were employed for various focal-film distances, image intensifier tube modes and laser printer formats. Results of these two methods were different due to the detrimental effect of penumbra on image quality with increasing magnification. If a radiographic image is to be used to approximate object size, then a technique should be used that will minimize magnification. In digital fluoroscopy this is achieved with the shortest object-film distance (assuming a fixed focal-object distance), largest image intensifler mode and greatest number of images per sheet of film. 相似文献
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Charels D Broeders S Corbisier P Trapmann S Schimmel H Linsinger T Emons H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(9):3258-3267
This paper is part of a set of three papers investigating metrological traceability of the quantification of DNA fragments as, for instance, used for quantification of genetic modifications. This paper evaluates the possible impact of several factors on results of real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) measurements. It was found that the particle size of the powder samples does not have an influence, whereas the nature of the calibrant (plasmidic or genomic DNA) has a significant effect. Moreover, two real-time PCR detection methods (construct-specific and event-specific) for MON 810 corn were compared. The results obtained in a specifically designed interlaboratory study revealed a significant influence of the DNA extraction method on measurement results when the MON 810 construct-specific real-time PCR detection method was applied. Statistical analyses confirmed the importance of validating DNA extraction methods in conjunction with real-time PCR methods. 相似文献
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Primo Anacláudia Alves Araújo Maria Diana Melo Silva Karla da Fonseca Silva Ludmyla Araújo Pereira Graziella de Andrade Carvalho Fernandes Francisco Éden Paiva Pompeu Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Natale William de Souza Henrique Antunes 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(8):1459-1464
Agroforestry Systems - The use of native trees in agroecosystems is a promising way to increase litter deposition and nutrient cycling and foster the recovery of degraded areas, especially in... 相似文献
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Pakull Birte Eusemann Pascal Wojacki Janine Ahnert Diana Liesebach Heike 《European Journal of Forest Research》2021,140(6):1543-1557
European Journal of Forest Research - In Germany, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) is seen as a valuable species for future cultivation in times of climate change. Local seed production... 相似文献
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Effects of Feeding Frequency and Handling on Growth and Mortality of Cultured Walking Catfish Clarias fuscus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of feeding frequency on growth, and of handling stress on growth and mortality, in intensive tank culture of the walking catfish Clarias fuscus . In the first experiment, fish were grown from an initial weight of 37 g for 34 d. A fixed ration of 3.0% body weight per day was divided into either 1, 2, or 3 feedings per day, and fish were either handled weekly or left unhandled for the entire experiment. Fish given 3 feedings per day experienced 19% faster growth ( P < 0.05) than fish given the same ration in a single feeding per day. These differences in growth reflect differences in assimilation efficiency, assuming all other metabolic costs were constant among treatments. Handling of individuals caused decreased growth; however, there was no effect on mortality.
In the second experiment, fish were grown from an initial weight of 78 g for 29 d. Fish were fed either 1 or 2 satiation feedings per day and were either handled weekly or left unhandled for the entire experiment. Fish fed 2 satiation feedings per day experienced 47% faster growth ( P < 0.05) than fish fed 1 satiation feeding per day, which was assumed to reflect a higher level of food consumption. No effect of handling on either growth or mortality was observed for fish in experiment 2. Multiple meals per day also reduced depensatory growth among individuals in both experiments. 相似文献
In the second experiment, fish were grown from an initial weight of 78 g for 29 d. Fish were fed either 1 or 2 satiation feedings per day and were either handled weekly or left unhandled for the entire experiment. Fish fed 2 satiation feedings per day experienced 47% faster growth ( P < 0.05) than fish fed 1 satiation feeding per day, which was assumed to reflect a higher level of food consumption. No effect of handling on either growth or mortality was observed for fish in experiment 2. Multiple meals per day also reduced depensatory growth among individuals in both experiments. 相似文献
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Gao Zexia Wang Weimin Yang Yi Khalid Abbas Li Dapeng Zou Guiwei James S. Diana 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2007,33(3):213-222
The peripheral blood cells of one-year-old Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) have been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The erythrocyte count was 84.86 × 104 cell mm−3 in the peripheral blood of the fish and that of leukocytes was 2.24 × 104 cell mm−3. The erythrocytes and four main types of leucocyte—thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes (including neutrophils and eosinophils),
and monocytes, were identified in the peripheral blood. In addition to normal erythrocytes, reticulocytes and division of
erythrocytes were observed. Thrombocytes were the most numerous among the leukocytes, and the number of neutrophils with lobated
nuclei was larger than for other fish. The structures of the erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes
of the fish were studied. The erythrocytes were almost completely devoid of organelles, except for some mitochondria and granules.
A large number of vacuoles and a few organelles were observed in cytoplasm of the monocytes. There were many microvilli on
the membrane and pseudopodia-like cytoplasm bulge in the lymphocytes. The neutrophils were round or oval in shape with bilobed,
trilobed, or multilobed nuclei whereas the eosinophils had big special granules, dark stained. There were many vesicles in
some thrombocytes, which were related to its phagocytosis; some thrombocytes had almost no cytoplasm or organelles. 相似文献