NEPTUN,PAPA, Vergleichs- und Demonstrationsbetriebe oder Wer hat da noch den Durchblick?     

Dietmar Roßberg  Silke Dachbrodt-Saaydeh  Jan Helbig  Madeleine Paap  Hella Kehlenbeck 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2018,70(3):139-146

The Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment of the Julius Kühn-Institute operates four different networks: demonstration farms on IPM, reference farms for plant protection, panel pesticide applications and NEPTUN farms. All networks deal with the use of plant protection products in agricultural practice. The latter three also have very similar tasks and are closely interlinked. As a result, outsiders have significant problems distinguishing between those four farm networks and assigning the respective activities to the “right” corresponding network.Therefore, the publication aims at presenting comparatively the tasks and objectives of the various networks and to explain to the reader what are they doing, what are the differences, as well as why and how the establishment of these four different farm networks has come about.  相似文献   

Erhebungen zur Anwendung von chemischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Zuckerrüben   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Dietmar Roßberg  Nelia Aeckerle  Nicol Stockfisch 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2017,69(2):59-66

Freely available information on the actual use of chemical plant protection products (PPPs) in agriculture is highly necessary for a number of scientific questions and political discussions. Therefore, since 2000, regular surveys on the use of PPPs have been carried out for the most important agricultural and horticultural crops in Germany (NEPTUN projects). In 2011, they were adjusted to legal framework changes. Since then they are known as PAPA surveys with “PAPA” being an abbreviation for Panel Pesticide Applications. For each crop a network of farms was built up. In each network, the PPP application data are collected annually, anonymized and forwarded to the Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI).All surveys and analyses based on the panel refer to the Federal Republic of Germany. The participating farms are distributed throughout Germany proportionally to the production area per crop.In sugar beet cultivation the results of PAPA surveys show that the plant protection intensity has increased slightly in recent years comparing the PAPA results with the years 2005 to 2010. There are diverse reasons for this development. Difficult-to-control weeds occurred on an increasing acreage in recent years. At the same time, an early appearance of foliar diseases (approximately beginning of July) combined with warm and humid weather during the following weeks leads to the development of the main pathogen causing leaf spot diseases in sugar beet (Cercospora beticola) in many regions. A continuing development of leaf spots increases the need for repeated fungicide applications. A high infestation with aphids was the dominating reason for increased insecticide applications in some years. Additional influences on the treatment index are due to changes in the authorization of PPPs.  相似文献   

Heat stability of strawberry anthocyanins in model solutions containing natural copigments extracted from rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) petals     

Shikov V  Kammerer DR  Mihalev K  Mollov P  Carle R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(18):8521-8526

Thermal degradation and color changes of purified strawberry anthocyanins in model solutions were studied upon heating at 85 degrees C by HPLC-DAD analyses and CIELCh measurements, respectively. The anthocyanin half-life values increased significantly due to the addition of rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) petal extracts enriched in natural copigments. Correspondingly, the color stability increased as the total color difference values were smaller for anthocyanins upon copigment addition, especially after extended heating. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of rose petal polyphenols was compared with that of well-known copigments such as isolated kaempferol, quercetin, and sinapic acid. The purified rose petal extract was found to be a most effective anthocyanin-stabilizing agent at a molar pigment/copigment ratio of 1:2. The results obtained demonstrate that the addition of rose petal polyphenols slows the thermal degradation of strawberry anthocyanins, thus resulting in improved color retention without affecting the gustatory quality of the product.  相似文献   

Effect of nitrogen species supply and mycorrhizal colonization on organosulfur and phenolic compounds in onions     

Perner H  Rohn S  Driemel G  Batt N  Schwarz D  Kroh LW  George E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(10):3538-3545

The aim of the present study was to test whether variations in the root environment affect the content of health-related organosulfur compounds, total phenolic compounds, and flavonol glycoside concentrations in onions. For this purpose, greenhouse-grown onions ( Allium cepa L.) were either inoculated with a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum or a sterile inoculum and were provided with two NH(4)(+):NO(3)(-) ratios as a nitrogen source. Onion growth, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate, sugars, and nutrient element concentrations were also quantified. The plant antioxidant activity and quercetin monoglucoside and organosulfur compound concentrations increased with dominant nitrate supply. Furthermore, mycorrhizal colonization increased the antioxidant activity and also concentrations of the major quercetin glucosides. The present study provides clear evidence that antioxidant activity, quercetin glycosides, and organosulfur compounds can be increased in sufficiently supplied onion plants by dominant nitrate supply or application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This was probably due to increased precursor production and induced defense mechanisms.  相似文献   

Influence of thermal treatment on color, enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacity of innovative pastelike parsley products     

Kaiser A  Brinkmann M  Carle R  Kammerer DR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(12):3291-3301

Conventional spice powders are often characterized by low sensory quality and high microbial loads. Furthermore, genuine enzymes are only inhibited but not entirely inactivated upon drying, so that they may regain their activity upon rehydration of dried foods. To overcome these problems, initial heating was applied in the present study as the first process step for the production of innovative pastelike parsley products. For this purpose, fresh parsley was blanched (80, 90, and 100 °C for 1-10 min) and subsequently comminuted to form a paste. Alternatively, mincing was carried out prior to heat treatment. Regardless of temperature, the color of the latter product did not show any change after heating for 1 min. With progressing exposure time the green color turned to olive hues due to marked pheophytin formation. Inactivation of genuine peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was achieved at all temperature-time regimes applied. In contrast, the parsley products obtained after immediate water-blanching were characterized by brighter green colors and enhanced pigment retention. With the exception of the variants water-blanched at 80 °C, POD and PPO were completely inactivated at any of the thermal treatments. Furthermore, in water-blanched samples, antioxidant capacities as determined by the TEAC and FRAP assays were even enhanced compared to unheated parsley, whereas a decrease of phenolic contents could not be prevented. Consequently, the innovative process presented in this study allows the production of novel herb and spice products characterized by improved sensory quality as compared to conventional spice products.  相似文献   

Effects of Hiking at Moderate and Low Altitude on Cardiovascular Parameters in Male Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: Austrian Moderate Altitude Study     

Günther Neumayr  Dietmar Fries  Markus Mittermayer  Egon Humpeler  Anton Klingler  Wolfgang Schobersberger  Reinhard Spiesberger  Rochus Pokan  Peter Schmid  Robert Berent 《The Forestry Chronicle》2014,25(3):329-334

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Evidence of Si–O–C bonds in cellulosic materials modified by sol–gel-derived silica     

Michael Bücker  Christian Jäger  Dietmar Pfeifer  Brita Unger 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(5):1033-1047

The present study contributes to the controversial discussion in the literature whether Si–O–C bonds in wood–silica–gel composites exist. ¹³C NMR is a suitable method to proof such bonds. Because of the low concentration of ¹³C isotopes in natural wood, ¹³C cellulose was used as ¹³C-enriched substitute. A tailored sol for the impregnation of that cellulose was chosen by liquid ²⁹Si NMR pre-investigations of various sols whose reactivity and stability were time-dependently analysed. It is based on a sub-stoichiometric hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 1 mol water per mol TEOS. Thermal analyses were performed to show a comparability of the thermal behaviour of wood–silica–gel and cellulose–silica–gel composites. There are two strong hints of the existence of stable Si–O–C bonds: (1) by thermal analysis, a shift in the fire behaviour of 100 K can be observed with a change in pyrolysis behaviour of the composite and (2) the proof by REDOR NMR that a dipolar coupling between ²⁹Si and ¹³C nuclei exists.  相似文献   

Pre-breeding blood urea nitrogen concentration and reproductive performance of Bonsmara heifers within different management systems     

Takula Tshuma  Dietmar Erik Holm  Geoffrey Theodore Fosgate  Dirk Cornelius Lourens 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(6):1023-1030

This study investigated the association between pre-breeding blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and reproductive performance of beef heifers within different management systems in South Africa. Bonsmara heifers (n?=?369) from five herds with different estimated levels of nitrogen intake during the month prior to the commencement of the breeding season were sampled in November and December 2010 to determine BUN concentrations. Body mass, age, body condition score (BCS) and reproductive tract score (RTS) were recorded at study enrolment. Trans-rectal ultrasound and/or palpation was performed 4–8 weeks after a 3-month breeding season to estimate the stage of pregnancy. Days to pregnancy (DTP) was defined as the number of days from the start of the breeding season until the estimated conception date. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards survival analysis were performed to estimate the association of pre-breeding BUN concentration with subsequent pregnancy and DTP, respectively. After stratifying for herd and adjusting for age, heifers with relatively higher pre-breeding BUN concentration took longer to become pregnant when compared to those with relatively lower BUN concentration (P?=?0.011). In the herd with the highest estimated nitrogen intake (n?=?143), heifers with relatively higher BUN were less likely to become pregnant (P?=?0.013) and if they did, it was only later during the breeding season (P?=?0.017), after adjusting for body mass. These associations were not present in the herd (n?=?106) with the lowest estimated nitrogen intake (P?>?0.500). It is concluded that Bonsmara heifers with relatively higher pre-breeding BUN concentration, might be at a disadvantage because of this negative impact on reproductive performance, particularly when the production system includes high levels of nitrogen intake.  相似文献   

Characterization of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) related viruses from captive Grevy's zebra and blackbuck     

Borchers K  Böttner D  Lieckfeldt D  Ludwig A  Frölich K  Klingeborn B  Widèn F  Allen G  Ludwig H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(7):757-760

Equid herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) related isolates from a captive blackbuck (strain Ro-1) and Grevy's zebra (strain T965) behaved similarly to EHV-1 and EHV-9 in respect to their host cell range. Restriction enzyme analysis and a phylogenetic tree confirmed that Ro-1 and T965 were identical and more closely related to EHV-1 than to EHV-9. Differences from EHV-1 became obvious firstly, by amino acid alignments revealing two unique substitutions in the gB protein of Ro-1 and T965. Secondly, an EHV-1 type-specific monoclonal antibody did not detect its antigen on Ro-1, T965 or EHV-9 infected cells by immunohistochemistry. The results support the view that Ro-1 and T965 isolates represent a distinct, previously unrecognized species of equid herpesviruses.  相似文献   

Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and food samples using sol-gel glass-based immunoaffinity extraction and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detection or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry     

Degelmann P  Egger S  Jürling H  Müller J  Niessner R  Knopp D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(6):2003-2011

Immunoaffinity supports (IAS) were prepared using broad specific polyclonal anti-sulfonylurea (SU) antibodies immobilized in sol-gel glass. Two different kinds of supports were applied, crushed sol-gel monoliths and sol-gel-coated highly porous silica particles. Both were used for the quantitative enrichment of SUs in natural water and food samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detection (HPLC-UV/DAD) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. Loading, washing, and elution conditions of IAS were optimized. The capacity of supports was determined for 30 SUs and compared with the cross-reactivity pattern of the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The capacities correlated well with the affinity to individual SU compounds. Even analytes to which the polyclonal antibodies showed only a lower cross-reactivity could be enriched to a certain degree, if a sufficient capacity of IAS was provided. The IAS could be reused at least 10 times without a loss of effectiveness. Recovery of 16 selected SUs extracted from spiked water and food samples was dependent on the affinity of both immobilized antibodies to single compounds and matrix interferences. In water, 13 SUs showed recoveries higher than 80% when immunoaffinity extraction was used in combination with LC-UV/DAD. On the basis of the enrichment of 200 mL of aqueous sample, corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values ranged between 20 and 100 ng/L. The recoveries of 10 SUs, which were extracted from 10 g of potato spiked at a 10 microg/kg level, were higher than 75%. For grain samples, recoveries were at the same order for at least five SU herbicides. The LOD of LC-MS/MS measurements was about 1 order of magnitude higher, i.e., gave LODs between 1.1 and 6.9 microg/kg of food sample, depending on the compound and extraction procedure. These LODs provide evidence that the main advantage of the prepared IAS is their high selectivity for group specific recognition of SUs as compared to other nonspecific solid phase extraction materials.  相似文献