Nitrogen excretion at different stages of growth and its association with production traits in growing pigs     

Shirali M  Doeschl-Wilson A  Knap PW  Duthie C  Kanis E  van Arendonk JA  Roehe R 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(6):1756-1765

The objectives of this study were to determine nitrogen loss at different stages of growth and during the entire growing period and to investigate the associations between nitrogen excretion and production traits in growing pigs. Data from 315 pigs of an F(2) population which originated from crossing Pietrain sires with a commercial dam line were used. Nitrogen retention was derived from protein retention as measured using the deuterium dilution technique during different stages of growth (60 to 90 kg, 90 to 120 kg, and 120 to 140 kg). Pigs were fed ad libitum with 2 pelleted diets containing 17% (60 to 90 kg) and 16.5% (90 to 120 and 120 to 140 kg) CP. Average daily nitrogen excretion (ADNE) within each stage of growth was calculated on the basis of the accumulated difference between average daily nitrogen intake (ADNI) and average daily nitrogen retention (ADNR). Least ADNE, nitrogen excretion per BW gain (NEWG) and total nitrogen excretion (TNE) were observed during growth from 60 to 90 kg. In contrast, the greatest ADNE, NEWG, and TNE were found during growth from 120 to 140 kg. Statistical analyses indicated that gender, housing type, the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene, and batch influenced nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05), but the degree and direction of influences differed between growth stages. Gender differences showed that gilts excreted less nitrogen than barrows (P < 0.05), which was associated with decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; feed:gain) and lipid:protein gain ratio. Single-housed pigs showed reduced nitrogen excretion compared with group-housed pigs (P < 0.05). In comparison to other genotypes, pigs carrying genotype NN (homozygous normal) at the RYR1 locus had the least nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05) at all stages of growth except from 60 to 90 kg. The residual correlations indicated that NEWG and TNE have large positive correlations with FCR (r = 0.99 and 0.91, respectively) and moderate negative correlations with ADG (r = -0.53 and -0.48, respectively), for the entire growing period. Improvement in FCR, increase in ADG and reduction in lipid:protein gain ratio by 1 phenotypic SD reduced TNE per pig by 709 g, 307 g, and 211 g, respectively, over the entire growing period. The results indicate that nitrogen excretion changes substantially during growth, and it can be reduced most effectively by improvement of feed efficiency and to a lesser extent through the improvement of BW gain or body composition or both.  相似文献   

Relationship among antioxidant activity, vasodilation capacity, and phenolic content of red wines   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

Burns J  Gardner PT  O'Neil J  Crawford S  Morecroft I  McPhail DB  Lister C  Matthews D  MacLean MR  Lean ME  Duthie GG  Crozier A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(2):220-230

The relationship among antioxidant activity, based on the electron-spin resonance determination of the reduction of Fremy's radical, vasodilation activity, and phenolic content was investigated in 16 red wines. The wines were selected to provide a range of origins, grape varieties, and vinification methods. Sensitive and selective HPLC methods were used for the analysis of the major phenolics in red wine: free and conjugated myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin; (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, trans-resveratrol, cis-resveratrol, and trans-resveratrol glucoside. Total anthocyanins were measured using a colorimetric assay. The total phenolic content of the wines was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay and also by the cumulative measurements obtained by HPLC. The 16 wines exhibited a wide range in the values of all parameters investigated. However, the total phenol contents, measured both by HPLC and colorimetrically, correlated very strongly with the antioxidant activity and vasodilation activity. In addition, the antioxidant activity was associated with gallic acid, total resveratrol, and total catechin. In contrast, only the total anthocyanins were correlated with vasodilation activity. The results demonstrate that the different phenolic profiles of wines can produce varying antioxidant and vasodilatant activities, which opens up the possibility that some red wines may provide enhanced health benefits for the consumer.  相似文献   

Diatom-inferred pH history of Kejimkujik Lake,Nova Scotia: A reinterpretation     

H. C. Duthie 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,46(1-4):317-322

A reanalysis of the diatom-inferred pH profile from a sediment core collected in 1980 from Kejimkujik Lake has been made in the light of improved techniques and ecological information. Using Index B calibrated for lakes in Atlantic Canada, the lake pH was 4.6 to 4.7 before anthropogenic disturbances in the watershed began ca. 1850. These disturbances had little immediate impact on pH, but minima of pH 4.5 were evident in the period 1916 to 1950. A diatom-inferred pH of 4.75 in the surface sediments compares with a measured pH of 4.96 in 1980. Disturbances in the watershed since ca. 1850 resulted in a large increase in a form of Asterionella ralfsii, a diatom associated with colored, humic water. A decline in this diatom since 1950 and an increase in taxa less typical of humic water is consistent with the hypothesis of loss of organic matter accompanying acidification from acidic precipitation.  相似文献   

Caseous lymphadenitis on Flinders Island: prevalence and management surveys     

MJ MIDDLETON  VM EPSTEIN  GG GREGORY 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(9):311-312

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Chlamydiosis in commercial ducks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

KE ARZEY  GG ARZEY  RL REECE 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(9):333-334

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A Low Oxygen Atmosphere during IVF Accelerates the Kinetic of Formation of In Vitro Produced Ovine Blastocysts     

GG Leoni  I Rosati  S Succu  L Bogliolo  D Bebbere  F Berlinguer  S Ledda  S Naitana 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(3):299-304

Among the factors that affect in vitro embryo development, oxygen atmosphere is considered to be of great influence. In this study, we evaluated the influence of two different oxygen atmospheres during in vitro fertilization (IVF) of ovine oocytes on their developmental capacity and quality assessed by cryotolerance. Cumulus oocyte complexes derived from ovaries of slaughtered sheep were matured in vitro and subsequently fertilized under low (5%) or high (20%) oxygen atmospheres, and cultured in SOF + aa + 0.4% BSA in 5% CO2 and 5% O2 up to blastocyst stage. The cleavage rates obtained in the fertilization system at 20% O2 were significantly higher than those obtained in the 5% O2 fertilization system (61.2% vs 50.8%; p < 0.01). The distribution of cleaved oocytes at 22, 26 and 40 h of culture intervals was not different in the low or high O2 atmosphere (31.4%, 26.4% and 42.1% vs 28.0%, 29.3% and 42.7% respectively). Blastocysts output on the 6th day post-fertilization (dpf) was significantly higher when oocytes were fertilized under 5% O2 concentration (63.04% in 5% O2 vs 47.36% in 20% O2), while on the 7th dpf the higher number of blastocysts was obtained in the 20% O2 system (35.10%.in 20% O2 vs 26.09% in 5% O2). After vitrification no differences were observed between low or high oxygen atmosphere in the viability rates of blastocysts obtained on day 6 (93.6% vs 96.5%), on day 7 (46.3% vs 41.7%) and on day 8 (11.1% vs 6.6%). After differential staining, no significant differences were observed in the total cell number and inner cell mass and trophoblastic cells ratio of blastocysts produced on 6 dpf (189.6 +/- 51.3 and 0.260 +/- 0.07 vs 223.3 +/- 45.6 and 0.277 +/- 0.09), on 7 dpf (168.3 +/- 25.1 and 0.316 +/- 0.06 vs 172.1 +/- 33,6 and 0.320 +/- 0.06) and on 8 dpf (121.2 +/- 23,8 and 0.302 +/- 0.03 vs 117.0 +/- 35.1 and 0.313 +/- 0.04) under low or high oxygen atmosphere respectively). In conclusion, our data suggest that low oxygen atmosphere during IVF affects positively the production of high quality ovine blastocysts.  相似文献   

Toxicity of biorational insecticides: activity against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)     

Edelson JV  Duthie J  Roberts W 《Pest management science》2002,58(3):255-260

The relationship between dose for each of four biorational insecticides (pyrethrins, neem extract, capsiacin extract, insecticidal soap) and mortality of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) was determined using a laboratory bioassay. These insecticides were toxic to aphids and paired mixtures of the insecticides provided synergistic activity as measured by aphid mortality under the laboratory bioassay conditions. Capsiacin extracts were found to provide low levels of mortality alone but acted synergistically in mixtures with the other insecticides and provided higher than expected levels of mortality. Activity as determined in the laboratory for each insecticide was not evident under field-use conditions in five separate experiments. Under field conditions and using common application methods, these insecticides did not provide significant levels of control of aphids.  相似文献   

Atrichia in the Horse     

R. C. Duthie 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1939,3(3):80-81

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Effects of infusion time and addition of milk on content and absorption of polyphenols from black tea   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Kyle JA  Morrice PC  McNeill G  Duthie GG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(12):4889-4894

Epidemiological studies assessing the health benefits of drinking black tea are equivocal. Such disparity may reflect an inability of semiquantitative assessment to consider how infusion time and addition of milk affect the bioavailability of potentially beneficial antioxidant polyphenols. Six brands of tea demonstrated similar increases in antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and catechin contents with increasing infusion time. These results were unaffected by the addition of milk. Consumption of black tea (400 mL) was associated with significant increases in plasma antioxidant capacity (10%) and concentrations of total phenols (20%), catechins (32%), and the flavonols quercetin (39%) and kaempferol (45%) (all p < 0.01) within 80 min. This was unaffected by adding milk. Infusion time may therefore be a more important determinant in the absorption of polyphenols from black tea. Observational studies assessing the health benefits of tea consumption require recording of brewing methods as well as frequency of consumption.  相似文献   

Seed dispersal by weta     

Duthie C  Gibbs G  Burns KC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5767):1575

Weta are giant, flightless grasshoppers that are endemic to New Zealand. In the absence of native mammals, weta are thought to perform similar ecological functions. As such, they might be expected to be important seeds dispersers. However, insects are not known to consume fleshy fruits and to disperse seeds after gut passage. We conducted a series of observations and experiments to test whether weta form mutualistic partnerships with fleshy-fruited plants as seed dispersers, similar to small mammals elsewhere in the world. Results showed that weta are indeed effective seeds dispersers, providing an example of ecological convergence between unrelated organisms.  相似文献