pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hang-Wei Hu  Li-Mei Zhang  Yu Dai  Hong-Jie Di  Ji-Zheng He 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(8):1439-1449

Purpose

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are ubiquitous and important for nitrogen transformations in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the distribution patterns of these microorganisms as affected by the terrestrial environments across a large geographical scale are not well understood. This study was designed to gain insights into the ecological characteristics of AOA and AOB in 65 soils, collected from a wide range of soil and ecosystem types.

Materials and methods

Barcoded pyrosequencing in combination with quantitative PCR was employed to characterize the relative abundance, diversity, and community composition of archaeal 16S rRNA gene, and AOA and AOB amoA genes in 65 soil samples.

Results and discussion

The operational taxonomic unit richness and Shannon diversity of Thaumarchaeota, AOA, and AOB were highly variable among different soils, but their variations were best explained by soil pH. Soil pH was strongly correlated with the overall community composition of ammonia oxidizers, as measured by the pairwise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity across all sites. These findings were further corroborated by the evident pH-dependent distribution patterns of four thaumarchaeal groups (I.1a-associated, I.1b, I.1c, and I.1c-associated) and four AOB clusters (2, 3a.1, 10, and 12). The ratios of AOA to AOB amoA gene copy numbers significantly decreased with increasing pH, suggesting a competitive advantage of AOA over AOB in acidic soils.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the distribution of ammonia oxidizers across large-scale biogeographical settings can be largely predicted along the soil pH gradient, thus providing important indications for the ecological characteristics of AOA and AOB in different soils.  相似文献   

Effects of Water Factors on the Effectiveness of EDC Adsorption on Novel Tailored Activated Carbon     

Xinwen Huang  Di Lv  Liang Yan  Geshan Zhang 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(11):398

  相似文献   

气候变化对非洲水资源和农业的影响     

杨笛  熊伟  许吟隆 《中国农业气象》2016,37(3):259-269

尽管非洲是世界上温室气体排放总量或人均排放量最少的地区,但在承受气候变化造成的恶劣影响方面首当其冲。气候变化已经给非洲的水资源、农业、生物多样性、人类健康和国家安全等带来诸多严重影响,粮食生产和水资源一直是非洲长期面临的两大难题,也是深受气候变化影响的两大领域还较欠缺,需要在未来的研究中进一步加强,以探寻减缓气候变化对非洲水资源和农业不利影响的有效途径。本文系统梳理了气候变化对非洲水资源系统和农业生产影响的研究成果和不足,以期为非洲气候变化影响评估工作提供一定参考和借鉴。已有的观测结果表明,气候变化导致非洲许多山脉冰川面积正在大范围缩减、大部分地区降水量有所减少,降雨的年际间分布也更为不稳定,通过水文模型的模拟预测,未来气候变化将进一步影响降水量和非洲部分地区河流的径流量,导致非洲水资源供给压力加大。同样,气候变化也给非洲农业生产带来了巨大的挑战,无论是观测结果分析,还是统计模型和作物模型等对不同气候情景和时间尺度下非洲农业的模拟研究,都显示气候变化对非洲农业以负面影响为主,导致非洲干旱加剧、生长季改变和粮食产量下降,并可能危及非洲的粮食安全。然而,现有研究结果还存在较多不确定性,其主要集中在未来气候情景数据、研究方法、数据的质量和数量等方面。与世界其它地区相比,非洲气候变化影响研究无论是研究的深度和广度都  相似文献   

Enhancement of alkalinity tolerance in two cucumber genotypes inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal biofertilizer containing Glomus intraradices     

Youssef Rouphael  Mariateresa Cardarelli  Elena Di Mattia  Monica Tullio  Elvira Rea  Giuseppe Colla 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2010,46(5):499-509

The aim of the present study was to determine whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation with a biofertilizer containing clays as granular carriers, leek root pieces and Glomus intraradices spores could improve alkalinity tolerance of two cucumber genotypes, and to study the changes induced by AM at agronomical and physiological level. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine yield, growth, fruit quality, net photosynthesis (A_CO2), electrolyte leakage, and mineral composition of two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes (hybrid “Ekron” or open-pollinated variety “Marketmore”) with inoculated and noninoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal biofertilizer. Plants were supplied with nutrient solutions at two pH values (6.0 or 8.1). The high pH nutrient solution had the same basic composition with an additional 10 mM NaHCO₃ and 0.5 g l⁻¹ CaCO₃. The percentage root colonization was higher in “Marketmore” (21.8%) than “Ekron” (12.7%). Total and marketable yield and total biomass were significantly higher by 189%, 213%, and 77%, respectively, with Ekron in comparison to those recorded with Marketmore. The highest crop performance with Ekron in comparison to Marketmore was due to the improved nutritional status (higher N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B), higher leaf area, and net photosynthesis. Increasing the concentration of NaHCO₃ from 0 to 10 mM in the nutrient solution significantly decreased yield, plant growth, A_CO2, N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B concentration in leaf tissue, whereas the electrolyte leakage increased. The inoculated plants under alkaline conditions had higher total, marketable yield, and total biomass than noninoculated plant. Mycorrhizal cucumber plants grown under alkaline conditions had a higher macronutrient concentration in leaf tissue compared to noninoculated plants. The highest yield and biomass production in inoculated plants seems to be related to the capacity of maintaining higher net A_CO2 and to a better nutritional status (high P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn and low Na accumulation) in response to bicarbonate stress with respect to −AM plants.  相似文献   

黄河三角洲植被演替过程种群生态位变化研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

白世红  马风云  侯栋  王迪 《中国生态农业学报》2010,18(3):581-587

对黄河三角洲天然湿地陆生植被和水生植被两种演替序列的种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了调查研究。结果表明: 陆生植被经过翅碱蓬群落、碱蓬柽柳群落、柽柳群落、白茅群落的演替过程, 每个阶段优势种的生态位宽度都较大。翅碱蓬群落阶段优势种翅碱蓬的生态位宽度达9.99, 碱蓬柽柳群落阶段碱蓬的生态位宽度为9.72, 柽柳群落阶段柽柳的生态位宽度为9.20, 白茅群落阶段白茅的生态位宽度为9.31。水生植被的演替序列为眼子菜金鱼藻群落(沉水植物)阶段、浮萍水鳖群落(浮水植物)阶段、芦苇水烛群落(挺水植物)阶段和杞柳芦苇群落(湿生植物)阶段, 沉水植物阶段优势种眼子菜的生态位宽度为8.62, 浮水植物阶段优势种浮萍生态位宽度为9.23, 挺水植物阶段优势种芦苇的生态位宽度为8.59, 湿生植物阶段优势种杞柳生态位宽度为7.45。生态位宽度计测结果较好地对应着各种群在群落中的地位和作用, 生态位宽度在演替系列中的动态也较好地反映了种群在群落演替过程的数量动态。各演替阶段生态位重叠计算结果表明, 各阶段种群间的生态位重叠值低, 每一阶段内种群间有较高的生态位重叠  相似文献   

Synthesis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during sourdough fermentation by selected lactic acid bacteria     

Rizzello CG  Cassone A  Di Cagno R  Gobbetti M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(16):6936-6943

This article aimed at investigating the synthesis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during sourdough fermentation of white wheat, wholemeal wheat, and rye flours. Sourdough lactic acid bacteria, selected previously for proteinase and peptidase activities toward wheat proteins or for the capacity of synthesizing GABA, were used. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was found by fermenting flour under semiliquid conditions (dough yield 330) and, especially, by using wholemeal wheat flour. Fourteen peptides, not previously reported as ACE-inhibitory, were identified from the water/salt-soluble extract of wholemeal wheat sourdough (IC 50 0.19-0.54 mg/mL). The major part of the identified peptides contained the well-known antihypertensive epitope VAP. The synthesis of GABA increased when the dough yield was decreased to 160. The highest synthesis of GABA (258.71 mg/kg) was found in wholemeal wheat sourdough.  相似文献   

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响   总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14  

吴迪  黄绍文  金继运 《植物营养与肥料学报》2009,15(2):317-326

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。  相似文献   

基于RS数据和GIS方法估算区域作物节水潜力   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

彭致功  刘钰  许迪  王蕾 《农业工程学报》2009,25(7):8-12

利用遥感ET数据开展用水定额管理及节水潜力分析等方面的研究,是对传统农业节水研究的有益补充。该文利用分类均值法构建了基于遥感ET数据的作物水分生产函数,考虑耗水较低兼顾水分生产率较高的原则,提出基于水资源脆弱区作物ET定额估算模型,利用该模型计算获得冬小麦及夏玉米的ET定额分别为346.00、313.00 mm;保持现有土地利用结构不变,以作物ET定额为评价标准,通过对超过该作物ET定额的像元进行调整,获得大兴区夏玉米及冬小麦的节水潜力分别为1 176.75、369.27万m3。该研究为利用遥感ET数据开展区域耗水节水潜力的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。  相似文献   

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC     

Elena A. Mikhailova  Donald Hagan  Julia Sharp  Brian Ritter  Roxanne Stiglitz  Veeander Mealing 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(9):1068-1077

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.  相似文献   

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microalgae on Blackwater from Biosolid Dewatering     

Francesca Marazzi  Elena Ficara  Riccardo Fornaroli  Valeria Mezzanotte 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(2):68

This paper discusses the possibility of including the culturing of microalgae within a conventional wastewater treatment sequence by growing them on the blackwater (BW) from biosolid dewatering to produce biomass to feed the anaerobic digester. Two photobioreactors were used: a 12 L plexiglas column for indoor, lab-scale tests and a 85 L plexiglas column for outdoor culturing. Microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) could easily grow on the tested blackwater. The average specific growth rate in indoor and outdoor batch tests was satisfactory, ranging between 0.14 and 0.16 day^?1. During a continuous test performed under outdoor conditions from May to November, in which the off-gas from the combined heat and power unit was used as the CO₂ source, an average biomass production of 50 mgTSS L^?1 day^?1 was obtained. However, statistical analyses confirmed that microalgal growth was affected by environmental conditions (temperature and season) and that it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of nitrification. Finally, the biochemical methane potential of the algal biomass was slightly higher than that from waste sludge (208 mLCH₄ gVS^?1 vs. 190 mLCH₄ gVS^?1).  相似文献