Assessment of synthetic chemicals for disruption of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus response to attractant-baited traps in an urban environment     

Salvatore Guarino  Ezio Peri  Paolo Lo Bue  Maria Pia Germanà  Stefano Colazza  Leonid Anshelevich  Uzi Ravid  Victoria Soroker 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(1):79-88

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of ornamental palm species in urban areas of Mediterranean countries. Aiming to discover inhibitory semiochemicals for RPW population management in urban environments, we conducted electroantennographic (EAG) screenings of 17 commercially available synthetic compounds, representing three groups of plant volatiles (isoprenoids, phenyl propanoid derivatives and fatty acid derivatives) known for their repellent effects toward insects. These tests were followed by trap-based screenings of EAG-active menthone, α-pinene and methyl salicylate, singly and in combination, under urban conditions. In EAG bioassays, RPW antennae of both sexes showed positive dose-dependent responses to 13 of the 17 synthetic chemicals with significant differences among them. In field trapping experiments, conducted in the city of Palermo, Italy, from weeks 31 to 38 in 2010 and 2011, α-pinene, tested singly or in combination with methyl salicylate (2010) or menthone (2011), reduced trap catches by about 30% to 40%. Methyl salicylate and menthone alone were inactive. In conclusion, RPW is significantly affected by α-pinene. This isoprenoid is a promising disruptant for semiochemical-based management of this pest. In addition, identification of a large number of EAG-active chemicals could serve as a database for future design of active repellents or attractants of RPW adults.  相似文献   

The relative impact of forest patch and landscape attributes on black howler monkey populations in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico     

Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez  Iraida M. González-Perez  Adriana Garmendia  Mireia Solà  Alejandro Estrada 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(9):1717-1727

Land-use change is forcing many animal populations to inhabit forest patches in which different processes can threaten their survival. Some threatening processes are mainly related to forest patch characteristics, but others depend principally on the landscape spatial context. Thus, the impact of both patch and landscape spatial attributes needs to be assessed to have a better understanding of the habitat spatial attributes that constraint the maintenance of populations in fragmented landscapes. Here, we evaluated the relative effect of three patch-scale (i.e., patch size, shape, and isolation) and five landscape-scale metrics (i.e., forest cover, fragmentation, edge density, mean inter-patch isolation distance, and matrix permeability) on population composition and structure of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in the Lacandona rainforest, Mexico. We measured the landscape-scale metrics at two spatial scales: within 100 and 500 ha landscapes. Our findings revealed that howler monkeys were more strongly affected by local-scale metrics. Smaller and more isolated forest patches showed a lower number of individuals but at higher densities. Population density also tended to be positively associated to matrices with higher proportion of secondary forests and arboreal crops (i.e. with greater permeability), most probably because these matrices can offer supplementary foods. The immature-to-female ratio also increased with matrix permeability, shape complexity, and edge density; habitat characteristics that can increase landscape connectivity and sources availability. The prevention of habitat loss and isolation, and the increment of matrix permeability are therefore needed for the conservation of this endangered Neotropical mammal.  相似文献   

Assessment of s-Triazine Catabolic Potential in Soil Bacterial Isolates Applying atz Genes as Functional Biomarkers     

Carmen Fajardo  Maria Ludovica Saccà  Alicia Gibello  María José Martinez-I?igo  Mar Nande  Carmen Lobo  Margarita Martin 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(6):3385-3392

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique and qPCR analyses, targeting atz genes, were applied to detect the presence of simazine-degrading bacteria in an agricultural soil with a history of herbicide application. atzB-targeted bacteria detected by FISH represented 5% of total soil bacteria with potential capability to metabolize the herbicide. The soil natural attenuation capacity was confirmed in soil microcosms by measuring simazine degradation. Moreover, four bacterial strains were isolated from the soil and identified as Acinetobacter lwoffii, Pseudomonas putida, Rhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The isolates were able to grow using different s-triazine compounds and related metabolites as the sole carbon source. Growth parameters in presence of simazine were calculated using the Gompertz model. Rhizobium sp. showed the highest simazine degradation (71.2%) and mineralization (38.7%) rates, whereas the lowest values were found to A. lwoffii??50.4% of degradation and 22.4% of mineralization. Results from qPCR analyses of atzA, atzB and atzC genes revealed their presence in Rhizobium sp. and A. lwoffii, being atzB and atzC the most abundant functional genes. Rhizobium sp. showed a higher amount of the three biomarkers compared to A. lwoffii: the atzA, atzB and atzC gene copy number per microlitre were, respectively, 10¹, 10² and 10³-fold higher in the former. Therefore the proposed molecular approaches based on the use of atz genes as biomarkers can be considered as useful tools to evaluate the presence and potential capability of degrading-s-triazines soil microorganisms.  相似文献   

Daily rhythm of salivary and serum urea concentration in sheep     

Giuseppe Piccione  Augusto Foà  Cristiano Bertolucci  Giovanni Caola 《Journal of circadian rhythms》2006,4(1):16-4

Background  

In domestic animals many biochemical and physiological processes exhibit daily rhythmicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rhythmic pattern of salivary and serum urea concentrations in sheep.  相似文献   

Morphology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tongue     

Francesco Abbate  Maria Cristina Guerrera  Maria Levanti  Rosaria Laurà  Germana Patrizia Germanà  Giuseppe Montalbano  Mauro Cavallaro  Antonino Germanà 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(6):686-694

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a freshwater and marine fish of the family Salmonidae, widely farmed in aquaculture facilities in several countries. The salmon are carnivorous, but in aquaculture, alternative foods have been experienced. It is well known that feeding in captivity should cause adaptation and modifications of the morphological characteristics of the oral cavity, especially of tongue; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, by light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue dorsal surface, considering the importance of the correlations between feeding habits and the anatomy of the tongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of caniniform teeth with oro-aboral orientation surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, single, fused or arranged in row. Oro-aborally, the papillae show an appearance like a rosette and they disappear at level of the root. Light and laser confocal microscopy demonstrates that the mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified pavement epithelium with, in the deepest layer, the presence of a triangular structure whose apex is cranially directed and base facing aborally. In this structure, spindle-shaped cells are present, with a vimentin immunoreactivity, that for their characteristics could be adult mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained data could be useful not only for further studies on the nutrition, but it is interesting the detection of tissues typical of the embryo-fetal phase in the adult specimens tongue, thus giving a basis for studies of potential applications, if any, regarding cell therapies for different clinical indications.  相似文献   

Soil erosion modelling of burned and mulched soils following a Mediterranean forest wildfire     

Javier Gonzalez-Romero  Demetrio Antonio Zema  Bruno Gianmarco Carrà  Jonay Neris  Alvaro Fajardo  Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez  Daniel Moya  Esther Peña-Molina  Jorge de las Heras  Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(2):881-899

Soil erosion modelling applied to burned forests in different global regions can be unreliable because of a lack of verification data. Here, we evaluated the following three erosion models: (1) Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), (2) Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and (3) Universal Soil Loss Equation-Modified (USLE-M). Using field plots that were either untreated or mulched with straw, this study involved observations of soil loss at the event scale at a burned pine forest in Central Eastern Spain. The erosion predictions of the three models were analysed for goodness-of-fit. Optimization of the MMF model with a new procedure to estimate the C-factor resulted in a satisfactory erosion prediction capacity in burned plots with or without the mulching treatment. The WEPP model underestimated erosion in the unburned areas and largely overestimated the soil loss in burned areas. The accuracy of soil loss estimation by the USLE-M model was also poor. Calibration of the curve numbers and C-factors did not improve the USLE-M model estimation. Therefore, we conclude that an optimized MMF model was the most accurate way to estimate soil loss and recommend this approach for in Mediterranean burned forests with or without postfire mulching. This study gives land managers insight about the choice of the most suitable model for erosion predictions in burned forests.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity and population structure of a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) collection from Calabria (Italy)     

Francesco Mercati  Maria Leone  Antonio Lupini  Agostino Sorgonà  Monica Bacchi  Maria Rosa Abenavoli  Francesco Sunseri 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(3):839-852

Eighty-seven Phaseolus vulgaris landraces, still cultivated in Calabria (Italy), were investigated in order to study the patterns of common bean genetic diversity in this region, to better understand the evolutionary development of beans in Europe and to properly manage these genetic resources. Four American accessions and five Italian varieties were also included. Different markers, such as 12 microsatellites, seed traits, phaseolins and 100-seed weight were combined with different statistical approaches. For each microsatellite, expected (H _e ) and observed (H _o ) heterozygosities, polymorphism information content (PIC), probability of identity (PI) and homozygosity were calculated. Furthermore, in Calabrian group of bean landraces, total (N _a ) and private (N _pa ) number of alleles, observed (H _o ), expected heterozygosities (H _e ) and allelic richness (AR) were calculated. Genetic distances among landraces were estimated using Nei’s coefficient and a cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm was performed. The results clearly indicated that: (1) Calabrian germplasm showed a high level of diversity (H _e  = 0.595); (2) Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools were clearly distinguished in Calabrian germplasm, with the Andean gene pool predominating (83 %); (3) Calabrian landraces were largely hybridized within and between the gene pools. A model-based approach, using the STRUCTURE software, was adopted. Six groups, including 4 of Andean origin and one of Mesoamerican origin were identified. Even more interesting, a small group (8 %) showed a distinct genetic structure, in which interspecific hybridizations with runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) could have occurred. Nevertheless, a relatively high proportion of Calabrian bean landraces (12.6 %) was derived from intra and interspecific hybridizations.  相似文献   

Technologies for the diagnosis and remediation of Fe deficiency     

Javier Abadía  Ana Álvarez-Fernández  Adamo D. Rombolaà  Manuel Sanz  Massimo Tagliavini  Anunciación Abadía 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(7):965-971

The objective of this paper is to review the developments in the last few years in two important issues related to Fe deficiency in plants. First, the current knowledge on the possible ways to carry out the diagnosis and prognosis of Fe deficiency in plants is discussed. This includes discussion on the best ways to carry out a meaningful analysis of Fe-containing compounds in different plant parts. We will also discuss other measurement techniques that can permit to assess the Fe nutritional status in plants, including leaf chlorophyll concentrations and others. Second, the new developments in management techniques to control and remediate iron deficiency are discussed. This includes possible improved ways to supply Fe compounds available to plants, both to the soil and to the irrigation water. We also discuss possible ways to supply directly the plant with Fe containing compounds, either to the foliage or to the stem. A particular emphasis is given throughout the paper to fruit tree crops growing in Mediterranean areas.  相似文献   

Modification of Secondary Metabolism and Flavonoid Biosynthesis Under Phosphate Deficiency in Bean Roots     

Eligio Malusà  Marco Antonio Russo  Chiara Mozzetti  Adalgisa Belligno 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):245-258

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of phosphate deficiency on enzymatic activities and on compounds of the secondary metabolism linked with the production of root exudates in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants cv. ‘Bianco di Bagnasco.’ Phosphate deficiency induced a decrease in root total soluble phenolic content, but also caused an increase in total soluble phenolic content of exudates. Alteration of phenolic production was paralleled by increased activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and decreased activity of chalcone isomerase (CHI) in roots. Two isoflavonoids daidzein and naringenin, have been detected in roots; they are considered signal molecules in the chemical trafficking with soil microorganisms. Naringenin content was reduced by phosphorus (P) deficiency, due to lower activity of CHI, the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis. On the other hand, daidzein content was higher in –P plants than in the control. The results are discussed, considering the possible roles of phenolics and flavonoids in plant-soil microbe interactions and rizosphere modification.  相似文献   

Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation     

Mercè Llugany  Roser Tolrà  Sandra Raquel Martín  Charlotte Poschenrieder  Juan Barceló 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2013,176(6):851-858

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.  相似文献