Book review: H.‐P. Blume,P. Felix‐Hennigsen,W. R. Fischer,H.‐G. Frede,R. Horn und K. Stahr (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Bodenkunde.     

S. Thiele‐Bruhn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(4):543-545

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地面灌溉土壤入渗参数时空变异性试验研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

白美健 许迪李益农  李久生 《水土保持学报》2005,19(5):120-123,151

基于典型田块的试验观测数据,开展地面灌溉条件下冬小麦生长期间土壤入渗性能时空变异性的试验研究,描述土壤入渗参数的时空变异分布特征,分析各参数间存在的相关关系。结果表明,在冬小麦生长期内,土壤入渗参数的空间变异强度呈持续性减弱趋势,其时间变异性逐渐下降并趋于稳定。土壤入渗性能在冬灌后各时段间的差异并不显著,故在此后的灌溉试验设计与管理或地面灌溉模拟中,可基本无需考虑土壤入渗性能的时间变异性影响。考虑到土壤入渗参数f0和Z180之间存在着强烈的互相关性和非常相近的时空变异分布特征,可借助f0的时空变异分布特点达到描述土壤入渗性能、衡量土壤入渗能力的目的。  相似文献   

Nitrogen metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat in response to irrigation regimes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhen‐Zhu Xu  Zhen‐Wen Yu 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(1):118-126

Although scarcity of irrigation water is one of the key limiting factors for wheat production in many regions of the world, by using partial irrigation at strategic times during the growing season, it might be possible to enhance productivity. We measured the changes in various parameters related to nitrogen (N) metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (cv. Jinan 17 and Lumai 21), which were subjected to five irrigation regimes until physiological maturity. Severely deficient or excessive irrigation during grain filling decreased the photosynthetic rate (A), the concentrations of N, free amino acid, and soluble protein, as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and endopeptidase (EP) activity, though grain protein concentration might mainly depend on genotype. The activities of NR and GS were significantly positively correlated with A, but those of EP were significantly negatively correlated with A. The results indicate that while severe water stress aggravates the adverse effect on nitrogen metabolism, excessive soil moisture is also not useful during the grain‐filling stage, resulting in lower grain yield and quality. Our results suggest that applying an optimal irrigation regime in wheat fields still plays an important role in the improvement of grain yield and quality.  相似文献   

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming     

Hans‐Werner Olfs  Klaus Blankenau  Frank Brentrup  Jrg Jasper  Axel Link  Joachim Lammel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):414-431

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.  相似文献   

Book review: H.‐P. Blume,P. Felix‐Hennigsen,W. R. Fischer,H.‐G. Frede,R. Horn,K. Stahr (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Bodenkunde.     

Sren Thiele‐Bruhn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(3):400-403

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近50年金沙江干热河谷区泥沙变化及影响因素分析——以云南省元谋县为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

第宝锋  崔鹏  黄胜  于勇 《中国水土保持科学》2006,4(5):20-24

 以金沙江干热河谷典型区域元谋县为例,通过对该区龙川江小黄瓜园水文站20世纪50年代以来输沙量的变化分析,结果表明,河流输沙量有增加的趋势,特别是80年代末至2000年,年均输沙量由400万t(1971—1980年)增加至750万t(1991—2000年)。为研究输沙量变化的原因,为当地生态环境建设提供理论指导,采用统计分析等方法对输沙量增加的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:50年来局地气候变化,特别是降雨量及降雨强度的增加使地表侵蚀加速,进入河道泥沙增多。同时,由于受牲畜数量快速增加、人口的迅速膨胀、生产方式的落后及农作物市场价格等因素影响,土地覆被及结构变化明显,即覆被盖度减小,坡耕地增加,灌草地等蓄水保土作用好的地类面积迅速减少,进而导致生态极为脆弱的元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀加剧,河道泥沙含量增加。此外,元谋县强烈的冲沟侵蚀也是龙川江输沙量增加的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

Editorial: J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 3/2006     

Karl‐Heinz Feger  Franz Wiesler  Franz Makeschin 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(3):293-293

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Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems     

Lech Szajdak  Irena yczy&#x;ska‐Ba&#x;oniak  Teresa Meysner  Andrzej Blecharczyk 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(5):562-567

We investigated the varying concentrations of bound amino acids in humic acids (HA) extracted from soils under both crop rotation and continuous cropping of rye. The experiment was created in 1957. Since then, winter rye had been grown continuously and also the sequence of the 7 yr rotation had been started: potato, spring barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, oil seed rape, winter rye, and winter rye. Soils were fertilized with NPK and manure. Continuous cropping of rye increased total acidity of soils and the contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups in HA. The total amounts of the bound amino acids in HA from soils under crop rotation were higher than from continuous cropping of rye. Fertilization with NPK increased the contents of bound amino acids more than manure. Neutral amino acids dominated in all samples of HA, and basic amino acids had the lowest concentrations. In both types of cultivation, glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, valine, and lysine dominated. The proline contents in HA from continuous rye cropping were higher than in HA from soils under crop rotation. The concentrations of β‐alanine and lysine were higher in HA from crop rotation indicating a higher microbial biomass since these compounds are typical constituents of bacteria cell walls.  相似文献   

Environmental factors affecting productivity, indican content, and indigo yield in Polygonum tinctorium Ait., a subtropical crop grown under temperate conditions     

Angelini LG  Tozzi S  Nassi o Di Nasso N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(25):7541-7547

Polygonum tinctorium Ait. is a herbaceous subtropical annual plant, belonging to the family Polygonaceae. Within the cells of its leaves P. tinctorium accumulates large amounts of a colorless glycoside, indican (indoxyl beta-d-glucoside), from which the blue dye indigo is synthesized. P. tinctorium is well-known in Japan, where it had been cultivated to produce natural indigo for textile dyeing, whereas it represents a potentially interesting new crop in Europe. To better understand the effects of environmental parameters on P. tinctorium crop production and indigo yield, field experiments were carried out in central Italy under temperate climate. Three lines were tested during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons, and plant/leaf yields as well as indican contents were evaluated. The results showed that P. tinctorium grown in temperate climate conditions can be harvested three times a year. Yields of 82 and 120 t ha(-1) of fresh plant yield were obtained in 2001 and 2002, respectively. The contrasting weather conditions between the two years significantly affected biomass production, which was higher in the 2002 season, characterized by wet weather conditions. The cycle length from sowing to the last harvest was accomplished in 229-238 days when plants had accumulated 2017-2018 degrees C. Green leaves accounted for 40-45% by weight of fresh plant tissue and contained 11-20 g kg(-1) indican. The three lines did not significantly differ in the main productive parameters or in fresh leaf indican content (14.1 g kg(-1) mean value). Photosynthetic active radiation influences indican leaf production according to the model y = 0.0004x + 8.566 (P < 0.01, correlation coefficient = 0.818). Indican content ranged from 12 to 25 g kg(-1) of fresh leaves with PAR daily values from 10000 to 40000 mEinstein m(-2) (recorded in May and at the end of July-beginning of August, respectively). The results indicate that in nonlimiting rainfall conditions a very high indican content and a potentially high indigo yield can be obtained by cultivating P. tinctorium in this pioneer geographical area.  相似文献   

中亚热带三种母质发育的红壤对猪粪安全消纳量的初步研究     

张迪  周志高  杨奕如  王兴祥 《土壤》2015,47(2):414-421

采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了中亚热带丘陵区3种母质红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西省鹰潭市余江县中国科学院红壤生态实验站,试验期间年均降水量为1 946 mm,年均温18.9℃。通过监测2012—2014年间土壤渗漏水氮磷迁移淋失,结合土壤养分含量和花生产量变化,初步确定3种母质红壤的猪粪安全消纳量。结果表明:常规化肥减半条件下,从NH4+-N、NO3–-N和总磷淋失对水环境影响,以及从土壤速效氮磷积累角度,红黏土、红砂岩和花岗岩红壤配施猪粪最大安全用量分别为P 100、50、50 kg/(hm2·a);从花生产量角度考虑持续配施猪粪施用量不宜超过P 100、200、200 kg/(hm2·a)。综合考虑经济效益和环境效益,红黏土、红砂岩和花岗岩,配施猪粪的最大安全消纳量分别为P 100、50、50 kg/(hm2·a),相当于施用鲜猪粪(含水量为69%)分别为24 000、12 000、12 000 kg/(hm2·a)。  相似文献