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The puroindoline genes are causatively associated with wheat grain hardness, a commercially significant property. The proteins puroindoline (PIN) A and B are both required in their wild-type (WT) to impart soft grain texture, and absence of/mutations in either/both PIN(s) results in hard wheat. However, there is no biochemical clarity yet that explains this interdependence. This work critically analyses the roles of the tryptophan-rich domain (TRD), the little-known hydrophobic domain (HD), and certain other residues, in the physical associations of PINs. Site-directed mutagenesis-PCR was used to delete the TRD or HD and introduce an Arg39Gly substitution in PINA. The PINB-D1c mutant (Leu60Pro) was also investigated. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to assess the protein–protein interactions (PPI) of proteins. The TRD deletion or Arg39Gly substitution in PINA did not adversely affect its PPI, while deletion of HD resulted in a significant reduction. No effect on PPI was observed for Leu60Pro PINB. The results of this expression system strongly suggest that the HD is essential (but not sufficient) in higher-order associations of PINs. We propose a two-event model that explains the co-operative action of the PINs and why mutations outside the TRD may alter grain texture. 相似文献
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The puroindoline genes Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5D of common wheat are considered the most important genetic determinants of grain hardness. The recent identification of Pinb-2 genes on group 7 chromosomes emphasises the need for detailed analysis of the genetics of this important trait. This study focussed on the analysis of Pinb-2 genes from accessions of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat, to address key questions related to their diversity and possible roles. Extensive DNA sequence heterogeneity was identified in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to seventeen reproducible haplotypes, of which thirteen are new. The results confirmed the known groups Pinb-2v1 to Pinb-2v5, identified a new group Pinb-2v6, and showed that the Pinb-2 genes comprised a small multigene family, at least in some genomes. The putative proteins exhibited changes at the important tryptophan-rich domain as well as basic and hydrophobic residues. A new Pina-D1 allele (at Ha locus) was also identified, designated Pina-D1t, with a premature stop codon at the TRD. Additionally, peptides designed on PINB-2 proteins displayed activity against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. The data strongly support the Pinb-2 genes being functionally relevant to roles including influencing grain texture. 相似文献
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Cytology of the healthy canine and feline ocular surface: comparison between cytobrush and impression technique 
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Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can induce anatomical and chemical changes that are components of defence responses in plants. Particularly, MeJA is well‐known to increase leaf trichome density to protect against insect herbivory, but surprisingly little is known about the effects of MeJA on other leaf properties and plant growth. Using sunflower (Helianthus annuus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and soybean (Glycine max) treated with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mM MeJA, we examined changes in leaf trichome density, stomatal density, cuticle thickness, cuticle composition, plant height, and biomass production. For all three plant species, MeJA (especially at the higher concentrations) caused significant decreases in plant height (up to 39%) and biomass (up to 79%). MeJA caused substantial increases in leaf trichome density (being 1.3–3.5‐times higher) in all three species, with the magnitude of these effects increasing with MeJA concentration. However, we also observed that MeJA resulted in significant changes in cuticle composition and thickness, and stomatal density, although the magnitude of these changes was smaller relative to changes in trichome density. Specifically, high concentrations of MeJA increased the relative content of phenolic compounds and cutin in leaf cuticle while decreasing the relative content of polysaccharide. The changes in stomatal density varied with plant species and MeJA concentration. Also, MeJA increased cuticle thickness in tomato but decreased that in sunflower and soybean. Thus, studies investigating MeJA should also consider the importance of changes in other leaf properties and plant growth. 相似文献
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Enzo Vettorato Annalisa Zonca Maurizio Isola Roberto Villa Martina Gallo Giuliano Ravasio Michela Beccaglia Clara Montesissa Petra Cagnardi 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2010,183(3):310-315
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (IV) and extradural (ED) tramadol (2 mg/kg) and its o-desmethyl metabolite were studied in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and post-operative pain was assessed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. A rapid (<5 min) and effective production of o-desmethyl tramadol was recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile was similar for tramadol and its metabolite irrespective of the route of administration. ED tramadol provided sufficient intra- and post-operative analgesia without significant clinical side-effects, but the post-operative analgesia was comparable to that following IV administration and the ED route could therefore not be considered a practical alternative to the IV route. 相似文献
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Canine aggressive behaviour is one of the most common problems being reported by dog owners. However, the biochemical basis
of this phenomenon remains unclear. In humans, alterations in omega-3 plasma polyunsatured fatty acids and elevated omega6/omega-3
ratio have been linked to behavioural alterations, including aggression. Thus far, however, the relationship between plasma
polyunsatured fatty acid status and aggression has not been investigated in the dog. In the present study we sought to investigate
whether polyunsatured fatty acid status could be altered in plasma of pathologically aggressive Canis familiaris. Eighteen adult male German Shepherd dogs, aged 4.9 ± 0.9 years, showing no clinical signs but aggression, were investigated.
Eighteen healthy male dogs, aged 4.8 ± 0.7 years, with a negative history of behavioural and neurological disorders served
as controls. Baseline fasting plasma polyunsatured fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Compared to
normal dogs, aggressive dogs showed lower docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) concentrations and a higher omega6/omega-3 ratio.
In addition, they showed reduced cholesterol and bilirubin concentrations compared to their normally behaving counterparts.
Altogether, our results suggest that low omega-3 fatty acids may adversely impact behaviour in dogs, resulting in greater
propensity to aggression. However, given the cross-sectional design of our study, we cannot claim any causal relationship
between the presence of alterations in fatty acid status and canine aggressiveness. Whether omega-3 fatty acids supplementation
may be useful to reduce aggressive behaviour in the dog deserves further investigation. 相似文献
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