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Purpose
Organo-mineral biochar fertiliser has the potential to replace conventional biochar and organic fertiliser to improve soil quality and increase plant photosynthesis. This study explored mechanisms involved in nitrogen (N) cycling in both soil and ginger plants (Zingiber officinale: Zingiberaceae) following different treatments including organic fertiliser, commercial bamboo biochar fertiliser, and organo-mineral biochar fertiliser.Materials and methods
Soil received four treatments including (1) commercial organic fertiliser (5 t ha?1) as the control, (2) commercial bamboo biochar fertiliser (5 t ha?1), (3) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at a low rate (3 t ha?1), and (4) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at a high rate (7.5 t ha?1). C and N fractions of soil and plant, and gas exchange measurements were analysed.Results and discussion
Initially, organo-mineral biochar fertiliser applied at the low rate increased leaf N. Organo-mineral biochar fertiliser applied at the high rate significantly increased N use efficiency (NUE) of the aboveground biomass compared with other treatments and improved photosynthesis compared with the control. There was N fractionation during plant N uptake and assimilation since the 15N enrichment between the root, leaf, and stem were significantly different from zero; however, treatments did not affect this N fractionation.Conclusions
Organo-mineral biochar fertiliser has agronomic advantages over inorganic and raw organic (manure-based) N fertiliser because it allows farmer to put high concentrations of nutrients into soil without restricting N availability, N uptake, and plant photosynthesis. We recommend applying the low rate of organo-mineral biochar fertiliser as a substitute for commercial organic fertiliser.Context
The results of individual studies investigating the efficacy of chilling and other processing interventions on Salmonella prevalence or concentration in broiler chicken carcasses are inconsistent or contradictory.Objective
Determine efficacy of chilling on reducing Salmonella prevalence or concentration on broiler carcasses using systematic review-meta-analysis, and explore sources of heterogeneity among studies investigating various processing interventions through meta-regression.Data sources
A comprehensive search included electronic search in six databases, manual search of reference lists of topic-related articles, and consultation with five topic experts to assure that all relevant intervention research was identified.Study inclusion
Primary intervention research, published in English, encompassing control, challenge, cohort, or before-and-after study designs investigating the efficacy of any chilling or other processing interventions on Salmonella prevalence or concentration in broiler chicken carcasses.Risk of bias assessment and data extraction
Data pertaining to study methodology and reported results, chilling or other processing intervention parameters, populations sampled and outcomes measured were assessed for methodological soundness and extracted by two independent reviewers using pretested checklists.Results
Random-effects meta-analyses of immersion chilling with chlorine (n = 9 trials), acetic acid (n = 16) and potable water (n = 13) trended towards reductions in the odds or log10 CFU/ml of Salmonella. Significant heterogeneity (P-value ≤ 0.1 and I2 > 25%) precluded the reporting of pooled summary effect estimates. Meta-regression of all processing interventions indicated that serotype, disinfectant type and treatment time and pH were significantly associated with studies reporting reductions in concentration while study design, population sampled, study setting, publication date, intervention and disinfectant type, and treatment pH were significantly associated with studies reporting reductions in prevalence. Methodological and reporting flaws were consistently observed in relevant intervention research as well as a lack of studies conducted under commercial conditions and using Salmonella concentration outcomes.Conclusions
Chilling may be effective at reducing Salmonella concentration and prevalence, but significant heterogeneity precluded reporting of pooled summary effect estimates for many chilling interventions. Investigations into potential sources of heterogeneity among all processing interventions found that the use of other chemical disinfectants, such as organic acids and surfactants might result in larger reductions in Salmonella contamination than more commonly utilized oxidizing agents like chlorine. 相似文献Background
Lameness assessment using force plate gait analysis (FPGA) and owner assessment of chronic pain using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) are valid and reliable methods of evaluating canine osteoarthritis. There are no studies comparing these 2 outcome measures.Objective
Evaluate the relationship between CBPI pain severity (PS) and interference (PI) scores with the vertical forces of FPGA as efficacy measures in canine osteoarthritis.Animals
Sixty‐eight client‐owned dogs with osteoarthritis (50 hind limb and 18 forelimb).Methods
Double‐blind, randomized. Owners completed the CBPI, and dogs underwent FPGA on days 0 and 14. Dogs received carprofen or placebo on days 1 through 14. The change in PS and PI scores from day 0 to 14 were compared to the change in peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI).Results
PS and PI scores significantly decreased in carprofen‐ compared with placebo‐treated dogs (P = .002 and P = .03, respectively). PVF and VI significantly increased in carprofen‐ compared with placebo‐treated dogs (P = .006 and P = .02, respectively). There was no correlation or concordance between the PS or PI score changes and change in PVF or VI.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
In these dogs with hind limb or forelimb osteoarthritis, owner assessment of chronic pain using the CBPI and assessment of lameness using FPGA detected significant improvement in dogs treated with carprofen. The lack of correlation or concordance between the change in owner scores and vertical forces suggests that owners were focused on behaviors other than lameness when making efficacy evaluations in their dogs. 相似文献Fast and real-time prediction of leaf nutrient concentrations can facilitate decision-making for fertilisation regimes on farms and address issues raised with over-fertilisation. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important cash crop and requires nutrient supply to maintain yield. This project aimed to use chemometric analysis and wavelength selection to improve the accuracy of foliar nutrient prediction.
Materials and methodsWe used a visible-near infrared (400–1000 nm) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system to predict foliar calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) of cacao trees. Images were captured from 95 leaf samples. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were developed to predict leaf nutrient concentrations and wavelength selection was undertaken.
Results and discussionUsing all wavelengths, Ca (R2CV?=?0.76, RMSECV?=?0.28), K (R2CV?=?0.35, RMSECV?=?0.46), P (R2CV?=?0.75, RMSECV?=?0.019) and N (R2CV?=?0.73, RMSECV?=?0.17) were predicted. Wavelength selection increased the prediction accuracy of Ca (R2CV?=?0.79, RMSECV?=?0.27) and N (R2CV?=?0.74, RMSECV?=?0.16), while did not affect prediction accuracy of foliar K (R2CV?=?0.35, RMSECV?=?0.46) and P (R2CV?=?0.75, RMSECV?=?0.019).
ConclusionsVisible-near infrared HSI has a good potential to predict Ca, P and N concentrations in cacao leaf samples, but K concentrations could not be predicted reliably. Wavelength selection increased the prediction accuracy of foliar Ca and N leading to a reduced number of wavelengths involved in developed models.
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