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11.
Bwala DG Clift S Duncan NM Bisschop SP Oludayo FF 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(1):520-528
The control of Newcastle disease (ND) in South Africa has proved difficult since 2002 following the introduction of lineage 5d/VIId Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain ("goose paramyxovirus" - GPMV) to which commercially available ND vaccines appeared less effective. Most of the ND infections, even in fully vaccinated hens were characterized consistently by a drop in egg production. In this study, commercial and SPF hens-in-lay were vaccinated with La Sota vaccine and challenged with a GPMV isolate. Immunohistochemical labeling was used to determine the distribution of viral antigen in the oviduct of the hens. Following reports that cloacal vaccination offered better protection against egg production losses than the oro-nasal route, the efficacy of cloacal and ocular routes of vaccination against challenge were compared. Results showed that La Sota vaccine offered birds 100% protection against the virulent ND (GPMV) virus challenge from clinical disease and death, but not against infection and replication of the GPMV, as birds showed varying degrees of macropathology. Histopathology of the oviduct of infected birds revealed multifocal lymphocytic inflammation in the interstitium as well as mild glandular ectasia and mild edema. Finely granular NDV-specific immunolabeling was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and mononuclear (lymphohistiocytic) cells in the interstitium of the oviduct. Both vaccine and virulent GPMV showed greatest tropism for the uterus (versus the magnum and isthmus). There was no clear difference in the protection of the oviduct and in the distribution of oviductal GPMV antigens between the two routes of vaccination. 相似文献
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Priscilla Munzhelele James Oguttu Olubunmi G. Fasanmi Folorunso O. Fasina 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(1):63-69
South African pig sector is a contributor to the agricultural industry. A study was conducted to identify the production constraints and compare the management practices in smallholder pig farms in Mpumalanga, South Africa. A total of 220 selected smallholder pig farmers were interviewed. Smallholder pig farming was predominated by male (64 %), age above 50 years (54 %), black Africans (98.6 %), and three quarters of the smallholder farmers were poor to just below average. Majority (80 %) have no pig husbandry training, while only 33 % received assistance from government’s Agricultural Department. In terms of stock, mixed breeds (89 %) from exotic pigs were mostly kept and majority (87 %) of the farmers kept ≤10 sows in their herds. Many farmers (75 %) engaged in risky behavior of buying auctioned-sourced boars, free-range boars, and untested boars from neighbors and relatives. Few (17 %) farmers practiced vaccination and only 10 % kept farm records. Majority of the responses on pre-weaning mortality (50 %) and post-weaning mortality (90 %) were within acceptable range of 1–10 and 1–5 % mortality rates, respectively. The lead causes of mortality were weak piglets and crushing (46 %), diarrhea (27 %), poor management knowledge (19 %), and malnutrition (16 %). Agricultural training and government incentives will facilitate improved productivity in smallholder pig farming. 相似文献
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Nigeria and several other nations have recently been affected by outbreaks of the Asian H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) virus, which affects the poultry sector most heavily. This study analysed previous methods of assessing losses due to avian influenza, and used a revised economic model to calculate costs associated with the current avian influenza outbreaks. The evaluation used epidemiological data, production figures and other input parameters to determine the final costs. An infection involving 10% of the commercial bird population will cost Nigeria about $245 million and a worse scenario may lead to a loss of around $700 million. The results urge governments to invest more in measures aimed at the effective prevention of HPNAI and to consider the huge economic losses associated with the disease. Finally, an inter-disciplinary approach to managing and controlling HPNAI outbreaks is encouraged. 相似文献
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C. Gallardo A. Soler R. Nieto A.L. Carrascosa G.M. De Mia R.P. Bishop C. Martins F.O. Fasina E. Couacy-Hymman L. Heath V. Pelayo E. Martín A. Simón R. Martín A.R. Okurut I. Lekolol E. Okoth M. Arias 《Veterinary microbiology》2013
The presence of antibodies against African swine fever (ASF), a complex fatal notifiable OIE disease of swine, is always indicative of previous infection, since there is no vaccine that is currently used in the field. The early appearance and subsequent long-term persistence of antibodies combined with cost-effectiveness make antibody detection techniques essential in control programmes. Recent reports appear to indicate that the serological tests recommended by the OIE for ASF monitoring are much less effective in East and Southern Africa where viral genetic and antigenic diversity is the greatest. We report herein an extensive analysis including more than 1000 field and experimental infection sera, in which the OIE recommended tests are compared with antigen-specific ELISAs and immuno-peroxidase staining of cells (IPT). The antibody detection results generated using new antigen-specific tests, developed in this study, which are based on production of antigen fractions generated by infection and virus purification from COS-1 cells, showed strong concordance with the OIE tests. We therefore conclude that the lack of success is not attributable to antigenic polymorphism and may be related to the specific characteristics of the local breeds African pigs. 相似文献
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Kajal Chakraborty Anusree Maneesh Fasina Makkar 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2017,26(4):406-419
Antioxidant potential of three brown seaweeds, Anthophycus longifolius, Sargassum plagiophyllum, and Sargassum myriocystum, obtained from the Gulf of Mannar region of India were evaluated utilizing different in vitro systems. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Anthophycus longifolius registered significantly greater hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (IC50 0.19 mg/mL) and was effective in stabilizing the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (IC50 1.23 mg/mL) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radicals (IC50 0.48 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). No significant differences in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging and ferrous ion chelating properties of the EtOAc extracts of the seaweeds were apparent. The utilities of the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method hyphenated to diode-array detection for analyzing the fingerprints of phenolic constituents in the solvent extracts and fractions of the seaweeds were denoted. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids in the solvent extracts of seaweeds. This study demonstrated the potential use of A. longifolius as candidate species to be used as a nutritional food supplement/functional foods to increase the shelf life of food items for human consumption. 相似文献
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Thaper Ravinder K. Fulton John P. McDonald Timothy P. Fasina Oladiran O. 《Precision Agriculture》2022,23(1):83-100
Precision Agriculture - Granular blended fertilizers are commonly applied using spinner disc spreaders in the U.S. with recent advances including wider spreads. Today, uniformity of spread is... 相似文献
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Increased animal intensification presents with increasing risks of animal diseases. The Egyptian household poultry is peculiar in its management style and housing and this present with particular challenges of risk of infection to both the flock and humans. Biosecurity remains one of the most important means of reducing risks of infection in the household poultry, however not much information is available to support its feasibility at the household level of production. In this study financial feasibilities of biosecurity were modeled and evaluated based on certain production parameters. Risks of particular importance to the household poultry were categorized and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was the most risky disease while people-related risk was the most important risk category. It was observed that basic biosecurity measures were applicable in the household poultry and it would be 8.45 times better to implement biosecurity than to do nothing against HPAI H5N1; 4.88 times better against Newcastle disease and 1.49 times better against coccidiosis. Sensitivity analyses proved that the household poultry project was robust and would withstand various uncertainties. An uptake pathway for basic biosecurity was suggested. The outcome of this work should support decisions to implement biosecurity at the household sector of poultry production. 相似文献
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通过使用优化方法,借助MATLAB软件中优化工具箱确定食谱中各种食物的用量,计算出人们一天中三餐食物摄取量以满足热量和蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的需求量. 相似文献