A comparison of some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of three commercial sulphadiazine/trimethoprim combined preparations given orally to pigs     

N. E. Søli  T. Framstad  E. Skjerve  S. Sohlberg  S. A. Ødegaard 《Veterinary research communications》1990,14(5):403-410

Three sulphadiazine/trimethoprim preparations were administered orally during feeding to pigs. Six male and six female pigs were used. Clinically important pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs in the three preparations were determined and compared.The plasma concentrations of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim increased rapidly in the pigs followed by a quite rapid decrease from 4 to 12 h after oral administration. The mean values of the absorption half-lives of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim were 0.9–1.6 h and 0.5–0.8 h, respectively. The corresponding values for the elimination half-lives of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim were 3.1–4.3 h and 3.4–6.0 h, respectively. There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two compounds in the three preparations with the exception of T_max for sulphadiazine and t_1/2 for trimethoprim. Comparative bioavailability calculations showed no statistically significant differences between sulphadiazine and trimethoprim in the three preparations.The weight increase of the pigs during the experimental period (mean = 37.3–64.9 kg) did not cause differences in the kinetics of the two drugs which could have consequences for the use of the three combined preparations in clinical practice.No unacceptable or antibacterial residues of sulphadiazine or trimethoprim were found in the kidneys of pigs slaughtered at 5, 7 and 10 days after administration.  相似文献   

Phacidium infestans on dwarf plants of Pinus sylvestris     

Finn Roll-Hansen 《Forest Pathology》1975,5(1):1-7

A review of the literature is presented and an infection experiment described. Dwarf plants of Pinus sylvestris are seldom infected and destroyed by the snow mould fungus Phacidium infestans. The reasons are: The amount of infection material is usually small, the ecological conditions do not favour infection and subsequent development of the disease, the plants are small targets for spores and infective needles, the dwarf plants are fairly resistant.  相似文献   

Reactivity of anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins. Studies on aromatic hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions in methanol     

Jordheim M  Fossen T  Songstad J  Andersen ØM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(20):8261-8268

Reactivity studies involving anthocyanin structures and their equilibrium forms will lead to better understanding of the properties of these antioxidants. Hydrogen-deuterium (H --> D) exchange reactions at various sites of the 3-glucosides of delphinidin (1), petunidin (2), malvidin (3), and the corresponding 3-glucosides of carboxypyranodelphinidin (4), carboxypyranopetunidin (5), carboxypyranomalvidin (6), and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-(6-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-glucopyranoside)(7) have been examined at room temperature in pure CD 3OD and in CD 3OD acidified with CF 3CO 2D. The H --> D exchange rate constants of H-6 and H-8 of 2 determined from (1)H NMR integration data were found to be independent upon pigment concentration (up to 4 x 10 (-2) M) and trifluoroactic acid concentration (0-15%, v/v), respectively. This suggest that these reactions follow first-order kinetics and unexpectedly to be independent of the acid concentration. H-6 and H-8 of the flavylium cation A-rings of 1- 3, and in the corresponding hydrogens of the hemiketal forms, exchanged with half-lives of approximately 100 h ( 1) and approximately 50 h ( 2 and 3), respectively. The pyranoanthocyanins (4-6) experienced no H --> D exchange for the analogous hydrogens, but H --> D exchange of H-beta (H-4)(t 1/2 approximately 25 h) for these compounds was observed. Only H-8 underwent significant H --> D exchange in 7. It is concluded that a stabilization of the sigma-complexes, assumed to be the intermediates in the reactions, takes place for the common anthocyanins (1-3) contrary to the pyranoanthocyanins (4-6).  相似文献   

Physical activity, diet and gene-environment interactions in relation to body mass index and waist circumference: the Swedish young male twins study     

Karnehed N  Tynelius P  Heitmann BL  Rasmussen F 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(7):851-858

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between genetic susceptibility to obesity, physical activity (PA), dietary fibre, sugar and fat intakes and 4-year changes in body mass index (BMI) and attained waist circumference (WC) in a cohort of 287 monozygotic and 189 dizygotic young adult male twin pairs. Increased knowledge about interactions between genes and environment may provide insight into why some individuals are more prone to obesity than others. DESIGN: Information about PA, BMI, dietary habits, WC and potential confounders was collected by questionnaire in 1998 and 2002. The cohort data were analysed by mixed linear models. RESULTS: Twins with low PA attained larger WC than twins with high PA (difference 2.5 cm; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3, 3.6). The twins with the lowest fibre intake were found to have attained the highest WC and to have increased most in BMI (difference between highest and lowest fibre intakes: 1.6 cm, 95% CI 0.4, 2.9 and 0.45 kg m(-2), 95% CI 0.15, 0.76, respectively). Furthermore, our results suggested the presence of interactions so that twins with genetic susceptibility to obesity were more prone to have larger WC if sedentary than twins without genetic susceptibility. CONCLUSION: PA and a diet rich in fibre may be protective against weight gain among younger adult men. An interaction between PA, genes and attained WC is a novel finding which needs confirmation by other studies.  相似文献   

A stochastic model simulating milk fever in a dairy herd     

Østergaard S  Sørensen JT  Houe H 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2003,58(3-4):125-143

A simulation model was developed to evaluate the long-term effect of control strategies against milk fever (MF); here, we present the base model and sensitivity analyses. The representation of the within-herd dynamics was based on the existing SimHerd II model. Because of the relationships between MF and other diseases, the new model (called “SimHerd III”) includes diseases common in a dairy herd.

The cow level risk factors modelled were: base risk in the herd, parity, milk-yield potential, lactational disease recurrence, disease interrelationships, body condition and season. The diseases include clinical cases of MF, dystocia, downer-cow syndrome, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, ketosis and mastitis. The effects of diseases were represented by daily milk yield, daily body weight, daily feed intake, risk of stillbirth, conception probability, decision on culling, death and immediate removal. Simulated technical results showed that the herd effects of reduced risk of MF differed according to the reproductive efficiency in the herd. These interactions between reproduction efficiency and the effect of reduced base risk of MF were related to differences in how the simulated herds reacted to the reduction in replacements caused by MF.

In the sensitivity analysis, eight potential key parameters were changed to their lowest and highest expected values retrieved from the literature. When measuring the sensitivity on milk production in the herd (as the economically most important technical effect), the model seemed most sensitive to the uncertainty of effect of MF on death risk and MF-recurrence risk.  相似文献   

Long‐Term Outcome in Dogs After Circumcostal Gastropexy or Gastrocolopexy for Gastric Dilatation With or Without Volvulus     

ANNA V. EGGERTSDÓTTIR DVM  PhD  MARIANNE LANGELAND DVM  PhD  BJØRN FUGLEM DVM  ANE MOHN DVM  ØYVIND STIGEN DVM  PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2008,37(8):809-810

  相似文献   

Safe and high quality food production using low quality waters and improved irrigation systems and management: SAFIR     

Finn Plauborg  Mathias N. Andersen  Fulai Liu  Ragab Ragab 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,98(3):377-413

The present paper presents the SAFIR project (www.safir4eu.org), which addresses two fundamental problems that over the past decade increasingly have become concerns of the general public: the one problem being the jeopardizing of safety and quality of our food products, while the other being the increasing competition for clean freshwater. The SAFIR project has a multi-disciplinary approach, which integrates the European as well as the global dimension of the EU-policy on food quality and safety. The main driving force behind the project idea is new research results that demonstrated that scheduled uneven irrigation patterns can increase the water use efficiency as well as the quality of vegetable crops. Furthermore, recent innovations in the water treatment and irrigation industry have shown potential for the use of low quality water resources, such as reclaimed water or surface water in peri-urban agriculture, for irrigation of vegetable crops without threaten food safety and quality. The results of SAFIR were achieved from field experiments in Europe and China and modeling activities both at field and farm scale. The present article describes the structure of the project and highlights the main findings and recommendations of the project described in detail in already published papers and in accompanying papers in this special issue.  相似文献   

Physical examination and palpation findings of mammary glands and indications of udder health in goat milk]     

J Schulz  R D Fahr  G Finn  I Naumann 《Tier?rztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere》1999,27(2):92-98

In dairy goats there is less evidence for relationships between udder form traits, results of physical udder examinations and mastitis indicators in the milk than in dairy cows. In 413 goats (predominantly Weisse Deutsche Edelziege and Bunte Deutsche Edelziege) from five herds (free from C.A.E.) repeated investigations of 2537 udder halves and fore milk samples were carried out in order to compare udder traits with findings in the milk. Less than 20% positive bacteriological findings and a low incidence of clinical mastitis testified a good clinical udder health status of the herds. Small teat-floor distances, loose hanging of the udders and bottle-shaped teats, findings which tended to become more frequent as lactation and lactation numbers progressed, indurative alterations of the mammary tissues and the teats tended to be connected with higher milk cell counts (> 1 million/microliter), more polymorphonuclear milk cells (> 40%), higher electrical milk conductivity (> 6.8 mS/cm) and lower milk lactose content (< 4.6%). A similar effect had a bad state of foot trimming. It is proposed to include the studied udder traits into herd health programs and breeding schemes for goats.  相似文献   

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis     

R Jaafar  J Ødegård  H Mathiessen  A M Karami  M H Marana  L von Gersdorff Jørgensen  S Zuo  T Nielsen  P W Kania  K Buchmann 《Journal of fish diseases》2020,43(12):1591-1602

The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis has a low host specificity eliciting white spot disease (WSD) in a wide range of freshwater fishes worldwide. The parasite multiplies rapidly whereby the infection may reach problematic levels in a host population within a few days. The parasite targets both wild and cultured fish but the huge economic impact of the protozoan is associated with mortality, morbidity and treatment in aquacultural enterprises. We have investigated the potential for genetic selection of WSD-resistant strains of rainbow trout. Applying the DNA typing system Affymetrix^® and characterizing the genome of the individual fish by use of 57,501 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their location on the rainbow trout chromosomes, we have genetically characterized rainbow trout with different levels of natural resistance towards WSD. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) used for the selection of breeders with specific markers for resistance are reported. We found a significant association between resistance towards I. multifiliis infection and SNP markers located on the two specific rainbow trout chromosomes Omy 16 and Omy 17. Comparing the expression of immune-related genes in fish—with and without clinical signs—we recorded no significant difference. However, trout surviving the infection showed high expression levels of genes encoding IgT, T-cell receptor TCRβ, C3, cathelicidins 1 and 2 and SAA, suggesting these genes to be associated with protection.  相似文献   

Behaviour and mortality of downstream migrating Atlantic salmon smolts at a small power station with multiple migration routes     

Einar Krgenberg  Eva B. Thorstad  Rein Jrvekülg  Odd Terje Sandlund  Ene Saadre  Finn kland  Mart Thalfeldt  Meelis Tambets 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2020,27(1):32-40

Salmon smolts were released upstream of a run‐of‐river hydropower site and recaptured downstream for inspection. Descending fish behaviour through three possible migration routes (turbines, fishway, spillway) was analysed using telemetry, fyke nets and diving. Tagged smolts did not follow the main water flow; over 70% used the fishway, which received only about 10% of the flow. The turbines received about 80% of the water, but <25% of the smolts. Smolts were not fully stopped from entering the turbines by the 25‐mm bar racks. Mortality of smolts passing through the Kaplan turbines was at minimum 36%. No mortality was found in fish moving through the fishway or spillway. This shows that small and fast‐rotating Kaplan turbines can cause relatively high mortality. No mortality in alternative migration routes resulted in a total mortality for descending smolts at the hydropower station of 8.5%, emphasising the importance of providing functional alternative migration routes.  相似文献