Flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity in fruits of Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis) genotypes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Pengfei Wang  Xiaopeng Mu  Junjie Du  Yu Gary Gao  Donghai Bai  Luting Jia  Jiancheng Zhang  Haiyan Ren  Xiaofang Xue 《林业研究》2018,(1)

The Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis(Bge.) Sok.) is a small shrub with edible fruits. It is native to northern and western China. This species was included as a medicinal plant in the ‘‘Chinese Pharmacopeia' and has emerged as an economically important crop for fresh fruit consumption, processing into juice and wine and nutraceutical products as well. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and help develop value added products and better cultivars with greater health benefits, we analyzed total flavonoid content(TFC), composition, and radical scavenging activities in fruit extracts of 16 Chinese dwarf cherry genotypes. Fruit peel TFC ranged from 33.5 to72.8 mg/g REáFW(RE: rutin equivalent, FW: fresh weight)while fruit flesh TFC ranged from 4.3 to 16.9 mg/g REáFW.An HPLC analysis revealed that fruit extracts contained 14 flavonoids with considerable variation in their profiles across genotypes. The most abundant flavonoids in most genotypes were proanthocyanidin B1(PA-B1), proanthocyanidin B2(PA-B2), phloretin 20-O-glucoside(PG), and phloretin 20,40-O-diglucoside(PDG). Principal component analysis showed that PG, PA-B1, and PA-B2 had large,positive factor loading values in the first principal component for each genotype. Increased scavenging activity of2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radicals was apparent in genotypes ‘Nongda 4', ‘Nongda 3', ‘Nongda 6',‘Wenfenli', and '10-32', suggesting promising applications in the production of nutraceutical products. In summary, our results will aid in breeding, fruit processing, and developing medicinal uses of the Chinese dwarf cherry.  相似文献   

Assessment of Surface Water Quality in the Big Sunflower River Watershed of Mississippi Delta Using Nonparametric Analysis     

Ying Ouyang  Gary Feng  Prem Parajuli  Theodor Leininger  Yongshan Wan  Johnie N. Jenkins 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2018,229(11):373

Assessment of surface water quality in the Mississippi Delta is essential to quantify the eutrophication of the Gulf of Mexico. This study estimated the characteristics and variations of surface water quality at three study sites in the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) within the Mississippi Delta using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Mann-Kendall, and Pettitt tests. In general, contents of some water quality constituents such as nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃???N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the BSRW varied from site to site each year, whereas variations of other constituents such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) each year were basically not significant. The highest median concentrations were found in spring for NO₃???N and total nitrogen (TN); in summer for specific conductance (SC), Na, and Cl; and in winter for DO. Mann-Kendall trend analysis revealed that there was an increasing annual trend at Leland but a decreasing annual trend at Merigold for NO₃???N concentrations even though such changes were very small, whereas there was no annual trend for TP at any of the three study sites. Pettitt’s test further identified that the NO₃???N concentrations had an abrupt increase in February 2009 at the median value of 0.44 mg L^?1 in Leland and an abrupt decrease in June 2012 at the median value of 3.65 mg L^?1 in Merigold. A very good linear correlation existed between total dissolved solid (TDS) and magnesium (Mg) in the BSRW, which could be used to estimate TDS from Mg concentrations for this watershed when the data for TDS are absent.  相似文献   

Novel and current rodenticides for pocket gopher Thomomys spp. management in vineyards: what works?          下载免费PDF全文

Roger A Baldwin  Ryan Meinerz  Gary W Witmer 《Pest management science》2017,73(1):118-122

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Molecular and experimental evidence of multi-resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercospora beticola</Emphasis> field populations to MBC,DMI and QoI fungicides     

Nenad R. Trkulja  Anja G. Milosavljević  Milana S. Mitrović  Jelena B. Jović  Ivo T. Toševski  Mohamed F. R. Khan  Gary A. Secor 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(4):895-906

Binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) spp. isolates were collected from taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) and ginger (Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Roscoe) (Yunnanxiaojiang cv.) in Yunnan province. These Yunnan (YN) isolates did not anastomose with any of the tester isolates of the known AGs of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. The growth of YN cultures on PDA was appressed, mealy and matlike after 4 days of incubation, then turned white brown, producing brown to dark brown, irregularly shaped sclerotia were embedded in the PDA medium after 14 days. All attempts to induce basidiospore production were unsuccessful, but the length and sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 + 5.8S rDNA + ITS2) regions of 5.8S rDNA from the YN isolates were identical in length and sequence to isolates of all the other AGs of binucleate Rhizoctonia /Ceratobasidium spp. The sequences of 5.8S rDNA-ITS from the YN isolates were unique among AGs of BNR. The YN isolates had sequence similarities of 94% with isolates of AG Fb and P, 93% with AG E, 91% with AG R, 79–94% with AG S, and 74–87% with AG A, Ba, Bb, Bo, C, DI, DII, DIII, Fa, G, H, I, K, L, O, and Q. Four isolates of AG YN caused minor virulence (lesions ≦1mm²⁾ to ginger or taro in growth chamber studies. It was concluded that the YN isolates belong to a new anastomosis group AG-V of the Ceratobasidium spp..  相似文献   

Heavy metal accumulation and mobility in a soil profile depend on the organic waste type applied     

Seo  Byoung-Hwan  Kim  Hyuck Soo  Kwon  Soon-Ik  Owens  Gary  Kim  Kwon-Rae 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(2):822-829

Purpose

While organic waste amendments can initially improve soil physicochemical properties, including nutritional benefits to plants and increased microorganism activity, long-term application of excessive amounts of organic wastes can cause accumulation of heavy metals (HMs). Thus, the current study examined the accumulation of HMs in agricultural soil profiles following organic waste application.

Materials and methods

Three common organic sludge, including municipal sewage sludge (MSS), industrial sewage sludge (ISS), and leather sludge (LS), were applied annually to an agricultural soil under field conditions over 7 years (1994–2000) at a rate of 25 and 50 t ha^?1 year^?1. Subsequently, when organic sludge amendments were ceased, the experimental plots were cultivated without any treatments for another 12 years (2001–2012) and the changes in HM concentrations along the soil depth profile were monitored together with soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA).

Results and discussion

Significant increases in Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were observed down to a depth of 80 cm in soils treated with ISS and LS, where sludge application also increased the levels of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn and their movement down the soil profile. However, with the exception of Cu, no significant changes in HM concentrations were observed following treatment with MSS. At a depth of 80 cm, soils which had received 25 and 50 t ha^?1 LS showed, respectively, 4 and 14 times higher Cr levels than the control soil.

Conclusions

Organic sludge induced changes in soil pH and soil DOC concentration which were the key factors influencing HM movement and accumulation following organic sludge treatment.

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Diallel analysis for aflatoxin accumulation and fall armyworm leaf-feeding damage in maize     

W. Paul Williams  Gary L. Windham  Gerald A. Matthews  Paul M. Buckley 《Journal of Crop Improvement》2018,32(2):254-263

Two major impediments to profitable maize, Zea mays L., production in the southern United States are from feeding by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and losses from the production and accumulation of aflatoxin in maize grain. A diallel cross was produced by making all possible crosses among five germplasm lines developed as sources of resistance to fall armyworm leaf feeding and five lines developed as sources of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. For resistance to both leaf feeding and aflatoxin accumulation, general combining ability (GCA) was a significant source of variation. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for fall armyworm feeding only. Estimates of GCA effects for reduced aflatoxin accumulation were significant for Mp715 and Mp719, two lines selected for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. The GCA effects for reduced fall armyworm damage were significant for all five lines selected for fall armyworm resistance: Mp707, Mp708, Mp713, Mp714, and Mp716.  相似文献   

Effects of temperature and humidity on the survival of urediniospores of gladiolus rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Uromyces transversalis</Emphasis>)     

Gary L. Peterson  Dana K. Berner 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(3):509-513

Uromyces transversalis is an autoecious microcyclic rust mainly infecting Gladiolus spp. The pathogen is considered of plant quarantine importance in Europe and the USA. In 2006, the pathogen was found for the first time in the USA in several commercial nurseries in Florida and California. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated an eradication programme that recommended the immediate removal and destruction of infected plants followed by a host-free period, use of a fungicide treatment schedule, and equipment decontamination. In support of this plan, a study was conducted to determine how long urediniospores of U. transversalis would continue to germinate at temperatures of 2.8, 15.0, 18.8 and 25.0°C under controlled relative humidities (RH) of 11, 23, 43, 75, 93 and 100%. Choice of temperature and humidity parameters were mostly based on historical multi-year climate data from areas where the disease was detected in California and Florida. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant effect of RH on urediniospore germination but a highly significant effect of temperature. No germinating urediniospores were detected after 79 days for any treatment, but the 15°C treatment was more likely to be the result of germination independent of any low or high temperature-induced spore quiescence. Thus, lack of germination after 79 days was probably a good indicator of the lack of viable spores after this time for the 15°C treatment.  相似文献   

Reaction of selected winter wheat cultivars from Europe and United States to Karnal bunt     

Gary L. Peterson 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(3):497-507

A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of popular United States (U.S.) and European winter wheat cultivars to the fungal pathogen Tilletia indica. Historically, the disease has been limited to autumn-sown spring-habit wheat areas and not associated with winter wheat. In 1997, Karnal bunt was observed on winter wheat in limited regions of Texas. This region marks the southern end of the contiguous U.S. central winter wheat belt, which extends north into Canada. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of disease resistance in winter wheat. Fifty U.S. and European winter wheat cultivars were tested using two different greenhouse inoculation procedures. For each cultivar, 12 spikes in boot were inoculated by boot-injection with a sporidial suspension (1.0 ml/boot, 10,000 spores ml⁻¹), and 12 other emerged spikes were spray-inoculated with the same concentration. The experiment was repeated for three seasons. Among cultivars, mean seed infection ranged from 2.1 to 87.2% and 0 to 15.6% for boot-injected and spray-inoculated treatments, respectively. Results showed that the majority of winter wheat cultivars tested were susceptible to Karnal bunt.  相似文献   

Fecundity trends of Chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest     

Michael J. Malick  James P. Losee  Gary Marston  Mickey Agha  Barry A. Berejikian  Brian R. Beckman  Matthew Cooper 《Fish and Fisheries》2023,24(3):454-465

Fecundity is an important demographic parameter that contributes to the productivity of anadromous fish stock dynamics. Yet, studies on fecundity patterns in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) often only include a few years of data, limiting our ability to understand spatio-temporal trends. Here, we used data on 43 hatchery Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha, Salmonidae) populations in Washington State to evaluate whether average fecundity changed over the past three decades. We then used data from a subset of stocks (18) to evaluate the relationship between fecundity and body length. Our results revealed significant changes in fecundity across the 25-year study period with most stocks showing declines in fecundity over the past decade. Results further showed that Chinook salmon have decreased in length over this same period and that annual variation in mean length explains a majority (62%) of annual variation in mean fecundity. Specifically, we estimated that a 1-mm reduction in length results in 7.8 fewer eggs (95% CI = 6.6–8.9). Given that the majority of Pacific Northwest Chinook salmon in the environment and harvested in fisheries originate from hatchery releases and that nearby hatchery and wild populations generally have similar ocean distributions, these results likely reflect patterns for many populations not included. Combined, our results highlight the need to consider changes in body size and egg production when assessing the dynamics of anadromous fish populations and designing management or conservation plans, particularly for depressed populations.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of Uncinula necator to quinoxyfen: evaluation of isolates selected using a discriminatory dose screen     

Green EA  Gustafson GD 《Pest management science》2006,62(6):492-497

Quinoxyfen is a protectant fungicide that provides excellent control of many powdery mildew diseases. Prior to the launch of quinoxyfen in vines in 1998, a leaf disc sporulation assay was developed to assess the sensitivity of Uncinula necator (Schw) Burr to quinoxyfen. The distribution of EC(50) values from 56 monoconidial U. necator isolates collected from six countries between 1993 and 1996 was found to range from less than 0.03 to 2.6 mg litre(-1). Although this range of EC(50) values was quite broad, the inability to establish a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the majority of these isolates, including some of the most sensitive isolates, was unexpected and suggested that the leaf disc sporulation assay may not reflect the true activity of quinoxyfen in the field. In 2002, following the detection of isolates resistant to quinoxyfen in Blumeria graminis Speer f. sp. tritici Marchal, a discriminatory dose screen was developed to test large populations of U. necator for rare individuals with significantly decreased sensitivity to quinoxyfen. The individual isolates selected by this method were tested with the leaf disc sporulation assay. Although a significant proportion were found to have EC(50) values within the original distribution, a number of isolates with apparent reduced sensitivity to quinoxyfen were also detected. However, further examination of a subset of these isolates in a more quantitative germination/germ tube elongation inhibition assay suggested that the magnitude of the reduction in sensitivity for some of these isolates was much less than predicted by the sporulation assay. Thus, for an exclusively protectant fungicide such as quinoxyfen, a leaf disc sporulation assay may overestimate the frequency of isolates with significantly reduced sensitivity and the threat of decreased performance due to resistance.  相似文献