Unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: implications for tuberculosis control     

Queiros J  Alvarez J  Carta T  Mateos A  Ortiz JA  Fernández-de-Mera IG  Martín-Hernando MP  Gortázar C 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,104(3-4):327-334

Tuberculosis (TB) in deer is a serious zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. Detection of infected animals is usually performed using single or comparative skin-testing (SST/CST), although false responses due to sensitization to other mycobacteria may occur, hampering diagnostic specificity. We describe the evolution of the responses to the SST, CST and to an in-house serological assay in a red deer farm subjected to regular TB testing in southern Spain in an attempt to understand the dynamics of possible non-specific reactions occurring under field conditions. We performed 2288 skin-tests and ELISAs in nine sampling periods between May 2009 and January 2011. In May 2010, a strong increase in skin fold thickness in response to avian purified protein derivative (PPD) (mean=4.0mm, 95% CI=3.5-4.5) and bovine PPD (mean=1.8mm, 95% CI=1.6-2.0) was observed in yearling deer hinds (n=150), compared to values recorded for the same individuals in November 2009 (avian PPD: mean=0.7 mm, 95% CI=0.6-0.8 and bovine PPD: mean=0.7 mm, 95% CI=0.6-0.7) and in January 2011 (avian PPD: mean=2.2mm, 95% CI=1.9-2.4 and bovine PPD: mean=1.1mm, 95% CI=1.0-1.2). Using SST, 54 animals (36%) of the yearlings tested in May 2010 would have been classified as positive reactors, while none of them was positive in the CST. The five animals with highest skin fold increases to mycobacterial antigens were culled and subjected to post-mortem analysis, which confirmed the absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection but demonstrated the presence of environmental mycobacteria and closely related bacteria in four out of the five analyzed animals. Our results demonstrated how non-specific responses to mycobacterial antigens can adversely affect the specificity of TB diagnosis based on the SST. Thus, once TB infection has been ruled out using confirmatory techniques, application of comparative diagnostic tests is highly advisable to maximize test specificity and avoid the slaughter of false positive reactors.  相似文献   

Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and nitrogen management of fine transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment     

Shakeel Ahmad  Ashfaq Ahmad  Cecilia Manuela Tojo Soler  Hakoomat Ali  Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq  Jakarat Anothai  Abid Hussain  Gerrit Hoogenboom  Mirza Hasanuzzaman 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(2):200-218

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM)-CERES-Rice to simulate growth and development of an aromatic rice variety under irrigated conditions in a semiarid environment of Pakistan and to determine the impact of various plant densities and nitrogen (N) application rates on grain yield and economic return. The crop simulation model was evaluated with experimental data collected in experiments that were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and included three plant densities (one seedling hill⁻¹, PD₁; two seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₂; and three seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₃) and five N fertilizer regimes (control, N₀; 50 kg ha⁻¹, N₅₀; 100 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₀₀; 150 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₅₀; and 200 kg ha⁻¹, N₂₀₀). To determine the most appropriate combination of plant density and N levels, four plant densities from one seedling hill⁻¹ to four seedlings hill⁻¹ and 13 N levels ranging from 0 to 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (52 scenarios) were simulated for 35 years of historical daily weather data under irrigated conditions. The evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of irrigated rice in the semiarid conditions, with an average error of 11% between simulated and observed grain yield. The results of the stimulation analysis result showed that two seedlings hill⁻¹ along with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ (PD₂N₂₀₀) produced the highest yield as compared to all other scenarios. Furthermore, the economic analysis through the mean gini dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment (PD₂N₂₀₀) compared to the other treatment combinations. Thus, the management scenario that consisted of two seedlings hill⁻¹ and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was the best for high yield and monitory return of irrigated rice in the semiarid environment. The mean monetary returns ranged from 291 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US  ha⁻¹ among the 52 production options that were simulated. This approaching was demonstrated as effective way to optimize the density and N management for high yield and monetary return. It will help the rice production.  相似文献   

Perspectives of Quantitative Risk Assessment Studies for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Giardia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptosporidium</Emphasis> in Water Samples     

Ana Paola Balderrama-Carmona  Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui  Luis H. Álvarez  Ruth Gabriela Ulloa-Mercado  Luis Alonso Leyva-Soto  Lourdes Mariana Díaz-Tenorio 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(5):185

A quantitative microbial risk assessment method can be used to evaluate infections probabilities for microorganisms in a specific place. The methodology provides suitable information to generate strategies focusing on health problems. Giardia cysts (GC) and Cryptosporidium oocysts (CO) are considered emerging pathogens that can infect human and animals by ingesting contaminated food or water, where food and water are transport vehicles for these parasites. Studies for GC and CO have reported occurrences for these parasites in water up to 100%, and some of these studies documented a number of cases, about 403,000 people, infected worldwide. This review is focused on compiling the most relevant works assessing the risk for GC and CO and their presence in different water samples that are susceptible for direct and indirect human consumption. The annual risk infection probability for these parasites has been reported from different water sources, with a range between 1 × 10^?6 and 1, while the world standard regulation is 1 × 10^?4. The infection probability depends not only on water quality but also on water treatment implementations.  相似文献   

Heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis          下载免费PDF全文

Vladimir López  María Angeles Risalde  Marinela Contreras  Lourdes Mateos‐Hernández  Joaquin Vicente  Christian Gortázar  José de la Fuente 《Journal of fish diseases》2018,41(10):1515-1528

Control of mycobacterial infection constitutes a priority for human and animal health worldwide. However, effective vaccines are needed for the control of human and animal tuberculosis (TB). Adult zebrafish have become a useful model for studying the pathophysiology of mycobacterial infection and for the development of novel interventions for TB control and prevention. Recently, parenteral and oral immunization with the heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (M. bovis IV) protected wild boar against TB. The objectives of this study were to provide additional support for the role of M. bovis IV in TB control using the zebrafish model and to conduct the first trial with this vaccine for the control of fish mycobacteriosis. The results showed that M. bovis IV protected zebrafish against mycobacteriosis caused by low and high infection doses of Mycobacterium marinum and provided evidence suggesting that the protective mechanism elicited by M. bovis IV in zebrafish as in other species is based on the activation of the innate immune response through the C3 pathway, with a role for the regulatory protein Akr2 in this process. These results encourage the use of M. bovis IV for TB control in different species.  相似文献   

Collision probabilities for AFLP bands,with an application to simple measures of genetic similarity     

Gerrit Gort  Wim J. M. Koopman  Alfred Stein  Fred A. van Eeuwijk 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2008,13(2):177-198

AFLP is a frequently used DNA fingerprinting technique that is popular in the plant sciences. A problem encountered in the interpretation and comparison of individual plant profiles, consisting of band presence-absence patterns, is that multiple DNA fragments of the same length can be generated that eventually show up as single bands on a gel. The phenomenon of two or more fragments coinciding in a band within an individual profile is a type of homoplasy, that we call collision. Homoplasy biases estimates of genetic similarity. In this study, we show how to calculate collision probabilities for bands as a function of band length, given the fragment count, the band count, or band lengths. We also determine probabilities of higher order collisions, and estimate the total number of collisions for a profile. Since short fragments occur more often, short bands are more likely to contain collisions. For a typical plant genome and AFLP procedure, the collision probability for the shortest band is 25 times larger than for the longest. In a profile with 100 bands a quarter of the bands may contain collisions, concentrated at the shorter band lengths. All calculations require a careful estimate of the monotonically decreasing fragment length distribution. Modifications of Dice and Jaccard coefficients are proposed. The principles are illustrated on data from a phylogenetic study in lettuce.  相似文献   

Exploration of possible correlates of nutrition awareness and the relationship with nutrition-related behaviours: results of a consumer study     

van Dillen SM  Hiddink GJ  Koelen MA  de Graaf C  van Woerkum CM 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(5):478-485

OBJECTIVES: To unravel the concept of nutrition awareness, as it relates to risky personal nutrition-related behaviours, and to assess the sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of nutrition awareness. DESIGN: Data were collected in a cross-sectional study with the aid of a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire that was based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Stages of Change Model. SETTING: Dutch consumer homes. SUBJECTS: Six hundred and three Dutch adults aged 18 to 80 years, selected from a panel. RESULTS: Our model explains nutrition awareness well (explained variance 53.7%). Psychosocial correlates were involvement with nutrition, health awareness, association with healthy food, perceived relevance of eating less fat, association with necessity, perceived relevance of vitamins, and perceived attributes of independent organisations. Sociodemographic correlates were gender and age. The relationship between nutrition awareness and nutrition-related behaviours proved to be very complicated. CONCLUSIONS: The value of our study is that it unravels the concept of nutrition awareness. Understanding the correlates of nutrition awareness can contribute to a more effective application of behavioural change models. Our results support increasing involvement with nutrition through personalising and tailoring to the motivational stage.  相似文献   

High prevalence of large spiny-tailed protostrongylid larvae in Iberian red deer     

Vicente J  Gortázar C 《Veterinary parasitology》2001,96(2):165-170

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Answering for the veterinary proceedings in the dairy sector     

Hooijer G 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2007,132(8):305

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A Revision of the Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne Goodey, 1892(Tylenchida) in Europe     

GerritKarssen 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1999,14(Z1):126-126

 Roo-t knot nematodes represent a relatively small but economically important group of obligate plant pathogens.They are distributed world-wide and parasitise on almost every higher plant species.More than eighty species have been described during the last fifty years.  相似文献   

Water use and water use efficiency of sweet corn under different weather conditions and soil moisture regimes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Axel Garcia y Garcia  Larry C. Guerra  Gerrit Hoogenboom 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(10):1369-1376

Plant growth and development are influenced by weather conditions that also affect water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) and ultimately, yield. The overall goal of this study was to determine the impact of weather and soil moisture conditions on WU and WUE of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa). An experiment consisting on three planting dates was conducted in 2006 at The University of Georgia, USA. A sweet corn genotype sh2 was planted on March 27 under irrigated and rainfed conditions and on April 10 and 25 under irrigated conditions only. Soil moisture was monitored using PR2 probes. Rainfall and irrigation were recorded with rain gauges installed in the experimental area while other weather variables were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby. A water balance was used to obtain the crop's daily evapotranspiration (ETc). WUE was calculated as the ratio of fresh and dry matter ear yield and cumulative ETc. The potential soil moisture deficit (Dp) approach was used to determine the crop's moisture stress. Results were analyzed using a single degree freedom contrast, linear regression, and the least significant difference. WU and WUE of sweet corn were both markedly affected by the intra-seasonal weather variability and Dp. For both variables, significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between planting dates under irrigated conditions and between the irrigated and rainfed treatments. WU was as high as 268 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions and as low as 122 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions. The maximum soil moisture deficit was reached at the milky kernel stage and was as high as 343 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions and as low as 260 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions. Further work should focus on the impact of the intra-seasonal weather variability and soil moisture conditions during different crop stages to determine critical periods that affect yield.  相似文献