Glue barriers reduce earwig damage on apricots in north-western Italy     

Matteo Alessandro Saladini  Laura Asteggiano  Marco Giuseppe Pansa  Luca Giordani  Luca Serre  Graziano Vittone 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(3):214-221

The European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), is a well-known species that is cosmopolitan and present throughout Europe. Due to its omnivorous feeding behaviour, this species can act as a generalist predator, preying on several top fruit pests, but also as a pest causing shallow gouges or holes in stone and soft fruits such as apricots, strawberries, raspberries or blackberries. In Piedmont (NW Italy), significant fruit damage has been observed lately in apricot orchards where earwigs fed on ripening fruits and made a considerable part of the produce unmarketable. In this study, we sampled earwig populations in three apricot orchards in Piedmont and tested the effectiveness of glue barriers applied to the tree trunks in reducing both earwig density in the canopy and fruit damage. The arboreal glues Rampastop® and Vebicolla® were tested both in the field and laboratory trials. Glue barriers demonstrated to be effective control measures, significantly reducing earwig abundance in the canopy and fruit damage. Rampastop® gave better results on old trees with a very rough and cracked bark, since in that case Vebicolla® could not perfectly bond with the trunk.  相似文献   

Citrus limonoids and their semisynthetic derivatives as antifeedant agents against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. A structure-activity relationship study     

Ruberto G  Renda A  Tringali C  Napoli EM  Simmonds MS 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(23):6766-6774

The antifeedant activity of Citrus-derived limonoids limonin (1), nomilin (2), and obacunone (3) and their semisynthetic derivatives 4-26 was evaluated against a commercially important pest, Spodoptera frugiperda. Simple chemical conversions were carried out on the natural limonoids obtained from seeds of Citrus limon. These conversions focused on functional groups considered to be important for the biological activity, namely the C-7 carbonyl and the furan ring. In particular, reduction at C-7 afforded the related alcohols, and from these their acetates, oximes, and methoximes were prepared. Hydrogenation of the furan ring was also performed on limonin and obacunone. The known antifeedant properties of the Citrus limonoids are confirmed. Comparison with previously reported data shows that insect species vary in their behavioral responses to these structural modifications. Highly significant antifeedant activity (P < 0.01) for two natural (1 and 3) and three semisynthetic limonoids (4, 8, and 10) was observed against S. frugiperda.  相似文献   

Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cristani M  D'Arrigo M  Mandalari G  Castelli F  Sarpietro MG  Micieli D  Venuti V  Bisignano G  Saija A  Trombetta D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(15):6300-6308

The present article reports the antimicrobial efficacy of four monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and gamma-terpinene) against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. For a better understanding of their mechanism of action, the damage caused by these four monoterpenes on biomembranes was evaluated by monitoring the release, following exposure to the compounds under study, of the water-soluble fluorescent marker carboxyfluorescein (CF) from large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with different lipidic composition (phosphatidylcholine, PC, phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine, PC/PS, 9:1; phosphatidylcholine/stearylamine, PC/SA, 9:1). Furthermore, the interaction of these terpenes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles as model membranes was monitored by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Finally, the results were related also with the relative lipophilicity and water solubility of the compounds examined. We observed that thymol is considerably more toxic against S. aureus than the other three terpenes, while carvacrol and p-cymene are the most inhibitory against E. coli. Thymol and carvacrol, but not gamma-terpinene and p-cymene, caused a concentration-dependent CF leakage from all kinds of LUVs employed; in particular, thymol was more effective on PC and PC/SA LUVS than on PC/PS vesicles, while carvacrol challenge evoked a CF leakage from PC/PS LUVs similar to that induced from PC/SA LUVs, and lower than that measured with PC vesicles. Concerning DSC experiments, these four terpenes caused a decrease in Tm and (especially carvacrol and p-cymene) DeltaH values, very likely acting as substitutional impurities. Taken together, our findings lead us to speculate that the antimicrobial effect of thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and gamma-terpinene may result, partially at least, from a gross perturbation of the lipidic fraction of the plasmic membrane of the microorganism. In addition to being related to the physicochemical characteristics of the compounds (such as lipophilicity and water solubility), this effect seems to be dependent on the lipidic composition and net surface charge of the microbic membranes. Furthermore, the compounds might cross the cell membranes, thus penetrating into the interior of the cell and interacting with intracellular sites critical for antibacterial activity.  相似文献   

Comparative study of virgin olive oil behavior under Rancimat accelerated oxidation conditions and long-term room temperature storage   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mancebo-Campos V  Salvador MD  Fregapane G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(20):8231-8236

Oxidative stability should be one of the most important quality markers of edible oils; nevertheless, it is not recognized as a legal parameter. The results reported in this study highlight the differences in the olive oil oxidation process under Rancimat accelerated conditions with respect to long-term storage at room temperature and clearly show the lack of correlation between shelf life and the Rancimat induction period. A better correlation, although not yet satisfactory, was found when the same oxidation end-point was used in both assays. The parameter K 270, a marker of secondary oxidation products, was the first index to reach the established upper legal limit under Rancimat conditions, whereas at 25 degrees C it was an index of primary oxidation products ( K 232). Furthermore, the ratio of oxidation rate at Rancimat conditions to oxidation rate at 25 degrees C was more than double for secondary oxidation products compared with primary ones. Notable differences were also observed in degradation rates of the different unsaturated fatty acids and in rates of formation of polar oxidation compounds. Moreover, under the Rancimat conditions antioxidants such as o-diphenols and alpha-tocopherol rapidly depleted, and when they had practically disappeared, there was a sharp increase in oxidation indices, such as peroxide value, and in oxidation products. At 25 degrees C, on the other hand, the depletion was much lower.  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms from the Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea     

Perugini M  Visciano P  Manera M  Turno G  Lucisano A  Amorena M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(5):2049-2054

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by an HPLC method with fluorescence detection in bivalves (Mitylus galloprovincialis), cephalopods (Todarodes sagittatus), crustaceans (Aristeus antennatus), and fish (Mullus surmeletus, Scomber scombrus, Micromesistius poutassou, and Merluccius merluccius) caught in the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene were detected, at different concentrations, in all of the examined marine organisms, whereas benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were found only in Mediterranean mussels. Of mussels collected in winter 71.43% exceeded the maximum residual levels (MRL) fixed for the benzo(a)pyrene in European Regulation 208/2005/EC, whereas all samples collected in summer reported values lower than this limit. In comparison to the other marine organisms, the mussels showed the highest PAH concentrations (p < 0.01). Fish showed total PAH levels lower than those of cephalopods and, in particular, European hake showed the lowest values (6.06 ng/g of fresh weight).  相似文献   

Flavonoids from italian multifloral honeys reduce the extracellular ferricyanide in human red blood cells     

Fiorani M  Accorsi A  Blasa M  Diamantini G  Piatti E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(21):8328-8334

In this study we investigated some biological properties of flavonoids recovered in the aqueous (AqE) and ether (EtE) extracts from four Italian multifloral honeys. In particular, a cell-free assay was employed to detect direct reduction of ferricyanide, whereas an assay using intact human erythrocytes was used to measure the ability to donate electrons to a trans-plasma membrane oxidoreductase. It was found that the AqE displays greater "in vitro" ferricyanide-reducing activity than the EtE but, unlike the latter, is virtually ineffective in the cell-based assay. Uptake studies employing high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) showed that the different results were explained by the inability of AqE components to cross the erythrocyte plasma membrane and by the excellent uptake of EtE flavonoids, which, once within the cell, donate electrons to the membrane oxidoreductase to efficiently reduce extracellular oxidants. The latter property appears to depend on the content of ether-soluble flavonoids in the starting honeys.  相似文献   

Lipid Utilization Pathways Induced by Early Training in Standardbred Trotters and Thoroughbreds     

Anna Assenza  Francesco Tosto  Giuseppe Piccione  Francesco Fazio  Joana Nery  Emaneula Valle  Domenico Bergero 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012

Controversial results on lipid utilization as an energy source during training in horses are found in the literature. The objective of this study was to assess blood lipid profile during different training programs in horses. Seventeen Standardbred horses (400 ± 50 kg) and 17 Thoroughbred horses (380 ± 15 kg) followed different training programs. Blood lipid profile, including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), was analyzed, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration was calculated. Data were analyzed using Student t test, and linear regressions were done. Cholesterol and LDL decreased during training programs in Standardbred trotters (P = .0001 and P = .0053, respectively), and VLDL was found to be close to the significance level (P = .053). Blood lipid profile, including TGs (P = .0014), cholesterol (P = .0057), HDL (P = .0128), LDL (P = .0091), and VLDL (P = .0014), varied throughout the training program in Thoroughbred horses. Negative slope of blood lipids and positive slope of TG linear regression in Standardbred trotters were significant for all parameters (P ≤ .05), whereas cholesterol and LDL regression showed poor P and r² values and HDL P value was slightly above the significance level (P = .069) in Thoroughbred horses. TGs and VLDL showed a positive linear trend in Thoroughbred horses (P = .002). Exercise and different training programs lead to significant variations of lipid profile and lipid utilization in horses. Lipid utilization as an energy source improved with training in Standardbred trotters, whereas this was not the case in Thoroughbred horses. Further studies on the effect of training programs using different conditions and horse breeds would be necessary to understand lipid utilization as an energy source in athletic horses.  相似文献   

The association between indicators of inflammation and liver variables during the transition period in high-yielding dairy cows: an observational study     

Bossaert P  Trevisi E  Opsomer G  Bertoni G  De Vliegher S  Leroy JL 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,192(2):222-225

During the transition period, cows are confronted with infectious and inflammatory challenges leading to an acute phase response (APR) marked by increased hepatic synthesis of positive acute phase reactants (+AP) and a decrease in negative acute phase reactants (-AP). The aim of this study was to quantify the APR in 21 high-yielding dairy cows studied from 9 days before until 42 days after calving, and to assess the association between the APR, disease incidence and indicators of liver function. Repeated blood samples were analyzed for -AP (retinol, albumin, cholesterol), +AP (haptoglobin, caeruloplasmin), paraoxonase, and liver-associated variables (aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, bilirubin). All cows displayed postpartum decreases in -AP and paraoxonase, and increases in +AP and liver variables. When retrospectively categorized, cows presenting a stronger -AP decline displayed higher +AP and liver variables, and a higher disease incidence compared to cows with a milder decline. Altogether, typical changes in -AP and +AP identify the transition period as a time of increased inflammatory load. Group differences in liver variables suggest that a more severe APR may be associated with altered liver function. However, no causal relationship can be proven based on this observational dataset, and results should be interpreted cautiously.  相似文献   

Activated platelet-derived growth factor β receptor and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in natural bovine urinary bladder carcinomas     

Corteggio A  Di Geronimo O  Roperto S  Roperto F  Borzacchiello G 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,191(3):393-395

Bovine papillomavirus types 1 or 2 (BPV-1/2) are involved in the aetiopathogenesis of bovine urinary bladder cancer. BPV-1/2 E5 activates the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR). The aim of this study was to analyse the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in relation to activation of PDGFβR in natural bovine urinary bladder carcinomas. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis demonstrated that recruitment of growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB-2) and Sos-1 to the activated PDGFβR was increased in carcinomas compared to normal tissues. Higher grade bovine urinary bladder carcinomas were associated with activation of Ras, but not with activation of downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Mek 1/2) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk 1/2).  相似文献   

Effects of exposure to overcrowding on rodlet cells of the teleost fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis> (L.)     

Carlo Poltronieri  Rosaria Laurà  Daniela Bertotto  Elena Negrato  Claudia Simontacchi  Maria Cristina Guerrera  Giuseppe Radaelli 《Veterinary research communications》2009,33(7):619-629

Farmed fish are usually exposed to routine procedures which have strong effects on stress responses. Rodlet cells may represent an useful biomarker for studies on the presence of stressors in aquaculture. This work focused on the localization of rodlet cells by light and electron microscopy in gills of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) subjected to different conditions of overcrowding. In general, a significant increase in number of rodlet cells has been observed in all animals subjected to overcrowding stress. In gills of control group rare rodlet cells were detected at the level of both primary and secondary lamellae, whereas in stressed group clusters of rodlet cells have been found in the epithelium of primary and secondary lamellae indicating that these cells are influenced by stocking density.  相似文献