Street trees in Bangalore: Density,diversity, composition and distribution     

Harini Nagendra  Divya Gopal 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2010,9(2):129-137

Once renowned as India’s “garden city”, the fast growing southern Indian city of Bangalore is rapidly losing tree cover in public spaces including on roads. This study aims to study the distribution of street trees in Bangalore, to assess differences in tree density, size and species composition across roads of different widths, and to investigate changes in planting practices over time. A spatially stratified approach was used for sampling with 152 transects of 200 m length distributed across wide roads (with a width of 24 m or greater), medium sized roads (12–24 m) and narrow roads (less than 12 m). We find the density of street trees in Bangalore to be lower than many other Asian cities. Species diversity is high, with the most dominant species accounting for less than 10% of the overall population. Narrow roads, usually in congested residential neighborhoods, have fewer trees, smaller sized tree species, and a lower species diversity compared to wide roads. Since wide roads are being felled of trees across the city for road widening, this implies that Bangalore’s street tree population is being selectively denuded of its largest trees. Older trees have a more diverse distribution with several large sized species, while young trees come from a less diverse species set, largely dominated by small statured species with narrow canopies, which have a lower capacity to absorb atmospheric pollutants, mitigate urban heat island effects, stabilize soil, prevent ground water runoff, and sequester carbon. This has serious implications for the city’s environmental and ecological health. These results highlight the need to protect large street trees on wide roads from tree felling, and to select an appropriate and diverse mix of large and small sized tree species for new planting.  相似文献   

印度,孟加拉西部的Terai地区的大叶合欢预处理及标准化豆荚采集时间和豆荚长度     

Suman Malla  Gopal Shukla  Sumit Chakravarty 《林业研究》2010,21(3):338-342

在孟加拉西部的Pundibari地区,研究在4个采集（豆荚）时间,3个采集豆荚长度（〈10cm,10-20cm和〉20cm）,以及进行的13种预处理对大叶合欢种苗生长和萌发率的影响。豆荚采集时间为2月19日,且没有任何预处理,大叶合欢种子萌发率为92.5%。这明确表明,在2月19日采集的种子具有非休眠,有活力和生理成熟的特性。从长度为10-20 cm豆荚剥离出的种子,2月19日播种,种苗生长良好。利用硫脲预处理种子后,种子的萌发率并没有表现出明显提高,但是当利用低浓度硫脲（100 μL·L-1）预处理种子后,有利于种苗生长。  相似文献   

Method and quantity of liquid formulation of phosphobacteria required for seed inoculation     

Gomathy M  Thangaraju M  Gunasekaran S  Gopal NO  Gopal H 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2008,11(1):86-91

The survival of vegetative and sporulated cells of the Bacillus cultures on the seeds of the crop plants was tried in different combinations. One milliliter inoculum with 1 mL adhesive combination or sterile water showed better results followed by 1.5 mL inoculum with 0.5 mL adhesive or sterile water. The population of 5.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on black gram, 10.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on soybean and 6.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on maize were observed after 12 h of incubation in 1 mL sporulated inoculum mixed with 1 mL of rice gruel. The sporulated inoculum along with rice gruel favoured the adherence of the regenerated cells as rice gruel is rich in nutrient content.  相似文献   

Biomedical and Clinical Importance of Mussel-Inspired Polymers and Materials     

Nagendra Kumar Kaushik  Neha Kaushik  Sunil Pardeshi  Jai Gopal Sharma  Seung Hyun Lee  Eun Ha Choi 《Marine drugs》2015,13(11):6792-6817

The substance secreted by mussels, also known as nature’s glue, is a type of liquid protein that hardens rapidly into a solid water-resistant adhesive material. While in seawater or saline conditions, mussels can adhere to all types of surfaces, sustaining its bonds via mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs), a group of proteins containing 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and catecholic amino acid. Several aspects of this adhesion process have inspired the development of various types of synthetic materials for biomedical applications. Further, there is an urgent need to utilize biologically inspired strategies to develop new biocompatible materials for medical applications. Consequently, many researchers have recently reported bio-inspired techniques and materials that show results similar to or better than those shown by MAPs for a range of medical applications. However, the susceptibility to oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine poses major challenges with regard to the practical translation of mussel adhesion. In this review, various strategies are discussed to provide an option for DOPA/metal ion chelation and to compensate for the limitations imposed by facile 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine autoxidation. We discuss the anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activity, and adhesive behaviors of mussel bio-products and mussel-inspired materials (MIMs) that make them attractive for synthetic adaptation. The development of biologically inspired adhesive interfaces, bioactive mussel products, MIMs, and arising areas of research leading to biomedical applications are considered in this review.  相似文献   

Limited evidence for genetic variation for resistance to the white spot syndrome virus in Indian populations of Penaeus monodon     

Ben J Hayes  Thomas Gitterle  Gopalapillay Gopikrishna  Chavali Gopal  Gopal Krishna  Shrivinas Jahageerdar  Carlos Lozano  Shankar Alavandi  Sivagnanam Paulpandi  Pitchaiyappan Ravichandran  Morten Rye 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(11):e872-e877

There has been a highly detrimental impact of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) on black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in India. Currently, no cost‐effective measures are available for controlling the disease. One alternative is to improve WSSV resistance through a selective breeding programme for disease‐resistant shrimp, provided that genetic variation exists for this trait. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence for genetic variation in resistance to WSSV in P. monodon sourced from Indian populations. Post‐larval shrimp (n=1950) from 54 full‐sibling families were challenged with WSSV using WSSV‐infected mince meat. The heritability was estimated using four different statistical models fitted to the resulting time to death data, including two linear models and two Weibull proportional hazard frailty models. None of the estimated heritabilities were significantly different from zero. We suggest three possible explanations for these results: there actually is very little variation between P. monodon in WSSV resistance and all individuals are highly susceptible to the disease; there is genetic variation in resistance to WSSV in P. monodon but we did not find it in our experiment because the level of challenge in the experiment was too high to allow genetic differences to be expressed; the variation is due to mutations conferring resistance, which are at a low frequency in the population, and we did not sample a broad enough genetic base to capture these mutations.  相似文献   

General combining ability and its repeatability in early generations of potato breeding programmes   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

J. Gopal 《Potato Research》1998,41(1):21-28

Summary General combining ability and its repeatability in the early generations of a potato breeding programme was studied by evaluating 72 progenies (18×4) of 22 parents in a factorial mating design for three successive generations. The mean squares for combining ability due to females, males and females × males were significant for eight out of the ten characters studied. Variance estimates due to specific combining ability were more important than those due to general combining ability for most of the characters in all the generations. General combining ability effects varied from generation to generation. Most of the correlation coefficients between generations for general combining ability effects were significant, but of moderate magnitude (0.5–0.8). Parents with consistent performance over generations and those specifically suitable for a TPS crop were identified.  相似文献   

Genetic divergence for cross prediction in potato     

J. Gopal  J.L. Minocha 《Euphytica》1997,97(3):269-275

To study the effectiveness of genetic divergence for cross prediction in potato, progeny means, heterosis and specific combining ability effects were correlated with parents’ genetic distances (D values) estimated under six in vitro and four in vivo conditions, for tuber yield in 72 crosses (18 × 4) of 22 parents under autumn crop conditions for three successive generations. Genetic distances under in vitro conditions had no relationship with the progeny means for tuber yield. Whereas, those under in vivo conditions in the autumn seasons were positively associated with the progeny means. Similarly, heterosis for tuber yield had a stronger relationship with genetic distances based on an in vivo crop than those based on an in vitro crop. All correlation coefficients between genetic distances and specific combining ability effects were non-significant. The magnitudes of the significant correlation coefficients showed that genetic divergence can be used as an indirect parameter of moderate effectiveness in selecting parents to produce heterotic high yielding progenies. Such cross predictions, however, would be effective only if parents are evaluated under the conditions similar to those under which crosses are likely to be evaluated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Effectiveness of selection at microtuber crop level in potato     

J. Gopal  J. L. Minocha 《Plant Breeding》1997,116(3):293-295

Correlation coefficients were computed between microtuber crops and normal seed crop in order to study the selection efficiency for agronomic characters in potato at microtuber crop level. Two types of microtuber, green and white, were produced by inducing microtuberization under light and dark conditions, respectively. Genotypic differences were significant for various characters in both microtuber and normal seed crops. Green and white microtubers were equally useful for selection, judging by the crops raised from them. Selection at microtuber crop level was found to be highly effective for plant height, stem habit, tuber colour and general impression, and moderately effective for internode length, leaf length, leaflet width, stem pigment, plant vigour and tuber shape. Selection efficiency was low for tuber yield, tuber number, average tuber weight, number of nodes, number of stems, leaf colour and number of eyes. The implications of these results for potato breeding and germplasm evaluation programmes are discussed and a procedure for selecting superior genotypes at microtuber crop level is outlined.  相似文献   

Isolation and molecular characterization of canine distemper virus from India     

Pawar RM  Raj GD  Gopinath VP  Ashok A  Raja A 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1617-1622

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Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of Toll-like receptor 5 gene from turkeys     

Gopinath VP  Biswas M  Raj GD  Raja A  Kumanan AK  Elankumaran S 《Avian diseases》2011,55(3):480-485

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins, detect microbial patterns, initiating innate immune responses in various organisms. Although they are abundant, genetic characterization and functional differences of TLRs in economically important avian species such as chickens and turkeys have not been investigated in detail. In this study, the putative TLR5 coding region from turkey genome was sequenced, and its homology to other vertebrate species was analyzed. Secondary structure analysis revealed protein motifs typical of the chicken TLR5 protein structure, with 97% amino acid identity between them. mRNA expression profiling in adult turkeys revealed abundant TLR5 expression in a broad range of tissues. Stimulation with the TLR5 ligand flagellin resulted in the production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and nitric oxide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To our knowledge, this is the first complete turkey TLR5 coding DNA sequence reported in sequence databases.  相似文献