A Knowledge‐Based Approach for Mapping Land Degradation in the Arid Rangelands of North Africa     

Hamid Mahyou  Bernard Tychon  Riad Balaghi  Mounir Louhaichi  Jamal Mimouni 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(6):1574-1585

Rangelands cover about 82% of the arid area of Morocco. It is generally acknowledged that these areas are threatened by desertification. Monitoring desertification requires accurate knowledge about the current status of rangeland degradation. Remote sensing is widely used to assess changes in land cover, but its use in arid rangelands has limitations because of spectral confusion among various types of land cover. The objective of this study was to assess the severity and spatial extent of rangeland degradation in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco, using a knowledge‐based approach combining remote sensing and ancillary data. This approach relies on analyzing datasets derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, lithology, bioclimatic data and field measurements. The level of rangeland degradation was assessed using indicators such as vegetation parameters, grazing levels and cultivation intensity, which provided a high level of accuracy for mapping and monitoring the degradation of the arid rangelands. The results showed that the total area of degraded rangeland in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco is about 17,417 km², accounting for 48% in the studied area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modeling the relationship between the main emulsion components and stability, viscosity, fluid behavior, zeta-potential, and electrophoretic mobility of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology     

Mirhosseini H  Tan CP  Hamid NS  Yusof S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(19):7659-7666

The possible relationships between the main emulsion components (namely, Arabic gum, xanthan gum, and orange oil) and the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion were evaluated by using response surface methodology. The physicochemical emulsion property variables considered as response variables were emulsion stability, viscosity, fluid behavior, zeta-potential, and electrophoretic mobility. The independent variables had the most and least significant ( p < 0.05) effect on viscosity and zeta-potential, respectively. The quadratic effect of orange oil and Arabic gum, the interaction effect of Arabic gum and xanthan gum, and the main effect of Arabic gum were the most significant ( p < 0.05) effects on turbidity loss rate, viscosity, viscosity ratio, and mobility, respectively. The main effect of Arabic gum was found to be significant ( p < 0.05) in all response variables except for turbidity loss rate. The nonlinear regression equations were significantly ( p < 0.05) fitted for all response variables with high R (2) values (>0.86), which had no indication of lack of fit. The results indicated that a combined level of 10.78% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.56% (w/w) xanthan gum, and 15.27% (w/w) orange oil was predicted to provide the overall optimum region in terms of physicochemical properties studied. No significant ( p > 0.05) difference between the experimental and the predicted values confirmed the adequacy of response surface equations.  相似文献   

Selective genotyping to identify late blight resistance genes in an accession of the tomato wild species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum pimpinellifolium</Emphasis>     

Heather L. Merk  Hamid Ashrafi  Majid R. Foolad 《Euphytica》2012,187(1):63-75

Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete Phytophtohra infestans, is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other Solanaceae species. Current disease control and prevention strategies are not sufficient to control the disease in tomato. Recent germplasm screening experiments led to the identification of a new source of resistance (PI 270443) in the tomato wild species S. pimpinellifolium. This study was conducted to identify genomic regions associated with LB resistance in this accession. A large F₂ population (n = 986) derived from a cross between PI 270443 and a LB-susceptible tomato breeding line (NCEBR-2) was screened for LB resistance using a highly aggressive isolate of P. infestans. Twenty-five of the most resistant and 29 of the most susceptible, but surviving F₂ individuals were identified based on disease evaluations conducted in the F₂ and F₃ progeny populations. The selected individuals were genotyped with 153 DNA markers located across the 12 tomato chromosomes. A selective genotyping approach led to the identification of two genomic regions on tomato chromosomes 1 and 10 associated with LB resistance in PI 270443. Identification of two genomic regions associated with resistance was consistent with a previous estimate of the number of LB resistance genes in this accession. Research is currently underway to fine map the two resistance genes and incorporate them into new tomato breeding lines and hybrid cultivars.  相似文献   

伊犁河流域地下水埋深与TDS时空变异及水化学特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

米日姑·买买提  海米提·依米提  古丽娜尔·托合提  祖皮艳木·买买提 《水土保持学报》2010,24(2)

采用地统计学经典理论分析了伊犁河谷典型区域在不同时期地下水TDS和埋深在时间和空间上的变异特征,对研究区浅层地下水TDS不同时期(2008—2009年)的实测数据进行了半方差函数分析,地下水埋深和TDS服从都对数正态分布。地下水TDS和埋深在时间和空间上存在明显的变异性,地下水TDS在研究区中部和北部有增加的趋势;地下水随时间从南到北盐渍化加重方向发展;地下水各项离子浓度都在积聚。利用统计软件DPS7.5,Surfer8.0和Arcgis9.2等软件绘制了地下水TDS和埋深空间分布格局图,为该地区地下水资源的管理以及防止盐渍化提供理论依据。  相似文献   

Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Erwinia amylovora based on chromosomal DNA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Aboubakr Moradi  Jaber Nasiri  Hamid Abdollahi  Mohammadamin Almasi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(3):609-620

A reliable and rapid pathogen detection protocol that utilizes loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for detection of Erwinia amylovora, the casual agent of fire blight. The six LAMP primers applied were derived from the highly conserved fragment of the chromosomally amsH gene. Despite the proposed LAMP as well as nested PCR presenting equal values of sensitivity (2?×?10¹?CFU/ml or more) for pure cultures, as compared with conventional PCR (2?×?10³?CFU/ml), both methods were together superior. The specificity assay also showed that the LAMP protocol is species-specific for detection of E. amylovora even in inter-species analysis. Meanwhile, when all 208 naturally infected samples were examined, the specificity value of LAMP was 84%, while conventional and nested PCR could detect only 59% and 73% of the whole collection. Significantly, an independent behaviour versus host plant as well as each strain origin was also observed regarding the current LAMP method as well as other two PCR-based methods. All the results, overall, indicated that the LAMP offers an interesting novel and convenient assay format for the quick and specific chromosomal detection and diagnostic tool of recognition of E. amylovora and therefore presents an alternative to PCR-based assays.  相似文献   

IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves     

Cordeau ME  Joubert P  Dewachi O  Hamid Q  Lavoie JP 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2004,97(1-2):87-96

Heaves is a common condition of horses of cold climate that is characterized by small airway inflammation and obstruction following exposure of susceptible horses to moldy hay and straw. It has been shown that helper T lymphocytes (Th) orchestrate the inflammatory response in asthma and in various animal models of allergic lung diseases by the release of Th2-type cytokines. Results of previous studies indicate that a predominant expression of Th2-type response by airway cells may also be present in heaves. To evaluate the temporal mRNA expression of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) type cytokines in heaves and their relationship to clinical disease, we studied the pulmonary mechanics and cytokine mRNA expression (IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma) in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes of horses with heaves (n=6) and control (n=6) before and after 24h and 9 days of continuous natural inhalation challenge. Starting 24h after challenge horses with heaves, but not control horses, had a significant increase in pulmonary elastance and the number of lymphocytes expressing mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5. These changes were further increased at 9 days, at which time the number of cells positive for IFN-gamma mRNA was decreased. In this study we have shown that BAL lymphocytes of horses with heaves during clinical exacerbation have a predominant Th2-type cytokine response and that this response coincides in time with the presence of airway obstruction.  相似文献   

Nocardia farcinica--a significant cause of mastitis in goats in Sudan     

Maldonado LA  Hamid ME  Gamal El Din OA  Goodfellow M 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2004,75(3):147-149

Fifteen of 100 mastitic milk samples from goats suffering from mastitis were tentatively identified as members of the genus Nocardia on the basis of selected phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Six of the 155 strains were confirmed as Nocardia farcinica by 16S rDNA gene sequencing and subsequent aligning with relevant actinomycetes found in electronic databases and 2 by other identification criteria. N. farcinica is a serious cause of mastitis with a significant prevalence (15%) among the examined goats. Efforts are needed to optimise and simplify isolation and identification methods.  相似文献   

Phytotoxicity of solanapyrones A and B produced by the chickpea pathogen Ascochyta rabiei(Pass.) Labr. and the apparent metabolism of solanapyrone A by chickpea tissues     

Khalid Hamid  Richard N. Strange 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2000,56(6):235

When chickpea shoots were placed in solanapyrone A, the compound could not be recovered from the plant and symptoms developed. These consisted of loss of turgor, shrivelling and breakage of stems and flame-shaped, chlorotic zones in leaflets. In similar experiments with solanapyrone B, only 9.4% (22 μ g) of the compound taken up was recovered and stems remained turgid but their leaflets became twisted and chlorotic and some abscized.Cells isolated from leaflets of 12 chickpea cultivars differed by up to five-fold in their sensitivity to solanapyrone A and this compound was 2.6–12.6 times more toxic than solanapyrone B, depending on cultivar.Glutathione reacted with solanapyrone A in vitro reducing its toxicity in a cell assay and forming a conjugate. Measurement of reduced glutathione concentration and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity among cultivars showed that the differences of their means were highly significant and both were negatively and significantly correlated with their sensitivity to solanapyrone A. Treatment of shoots with solanapyrone A enhanced total, reduced and oxidized glutathione content as well as GST activity 1.26-, 1.23-, 1.50- and 1.94-fold, respectively. Similarly, treatment of shoots with the safener, dichlormid, also raised total, oxidized and reduced glutathione levels and GST activity 1.42-, 1.07-, 1.43-, 1.42-fold, respectively. Cells isolated from shoots treated with dichlormid at 150 and 300 μ g per shoot were 2.45 and 2.66 times less sensitive to solanapyrone A, with LD₅₀values of 71.5 and 77.8 μ g ml⁻¹, respectively, as compared to 29.2 μ g ml⁻¹for controls.  相似文献   

Evidence for age- and size-mediated controls of tree growth from grafting studies     

Mencuccini M  Martínez-Vilalta J  Hamid HA  Korakaki E  Vanderklein D 《Tree physiology》2007,27(3):463-473

Vegetative propagation techniques such as grafting can be used, in conjunction with field studies, to decouple the relative effects of age and size on tree metabolism and growth. Despite interest in this approach, little attention has been paid to the best metrics for assessing the growth performance of grafted plants over time. Based on an analysis of the grafting literature and our own data, we show that the choice of metrics to assess tree growth can entirely change the conclusions reached about the relative importance of age versus size. We recommend that absolute as well as relative rates of growth are calculated and that scion size be standardized as much as possible at the start of the experiment. Once proper metrics are chosen, all of the available published evidence is largely concordant with two concepts: (1) age-mediated controls of tree growth are likely to be important during the first few years of a tree's life (before phase change); and (2) after the first few years of a tree's life, size-mediated factors largely prevail over age-mediated factors in determining tree growth rates. We found no support for theories invoking age-mediated sink limitations in old trees.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Wild pistachio tree (Pistacia mutica) in the Qalajeh forest region of western Iran     

Mohsen Javanmiri Pour  Mousa Rasouli  Hamid Soofi Mariv  Mohammad Avatefi Hemat  Masood Shahmoradi 《林业研究》2014,25(2):487-487

<正>Erratum to:Journal of Forestry Reasearch,(2013)24(3):611-614DOI10.1007/s11676-013-0393-2The original version of this article unfortunately contained one mistake in author name in the footnote.The second author's name,"Mousa Rasouli",actually should be Hamid Soofi Mariv.The corrected version of the footnote should be as the following:  相似文献