Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1982/1983     

Jurgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Helga I. Maass  Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1984,32(4):245-259

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1982 and 1983 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1982/1983

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1982 und 1983 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1982–1983

, 1982 1983 . .

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Wheat transformation – an update of recent progress     

Prem L. Bhalla  Harald H. Ottenhof  Mohan B. Singh 《Euphytica》2006,149(3):353-366

Summary Genetic transformation is vital to the transfer of novel genes into crop plants as well as to the emerging area of functional genomics. However, the successful genetic transformation of wheat still remains time consuming and genotype dependent. This paper updates the progress made in last 3 years towards developing a robust genetic transformation system for wheat. Agrobacterium-mediated wheat transformation offers advantages such as single-copy gene insertion, minimal rearrangement of DNA, low cost and comparatively high efficiency. The reported recent developments in wheat transformation will lead to increased efficiency of wheat breeding programs. The most promising recent progress is in the development of drought-tolerant wheat, since water stress continues to be a major limiting factor hindering world wheat productivity under adverse hot and dry weather conditions.  相似文献   

Humus balances of different farm production systems in main production areas in Austria          下载免费PDF全文

Martina Kasper  Bernhard Freyer  Kurt‐Jürgen Hülsbergen  Harald Schmid  Jürgen Kurt Friedel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2015,178(1):25-34

The importance of the soil humus content is indisputable. Soil humus plays an important role in preserving soil fertility and exerts great influence on plant production and yield potential. However, proofing that management‐related changes in the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) have taken place against the background of spatial and temporal variation is a difficult task. In most cases, sampling over a long period of time is needed to verify these changes. Alternatively, potential changes in the SOM stock can be estimated using humus balancing models, which help to identify the need for humus reproduction on a farm. In general, a humus balance is the difference between the humus demand of cultivated crops and humus supply through crops and organic fertilizers. In this study, the ‘Dynamic Humus Unit Method' within the modelling program REPRO was applied to calculate the humus balance for 29 model‐farms that are representative of most of the agricultural production in Austria. Each model‐farm represents a specific production type (PT) and farming system in a defined region or main production area (MPA). This approach gives an overview of the humus balances at a large scale and allows a general trend in Austria to be estimated. Besides differing between conventional and organic farming systems, specific site conditions can also be selected in the model. The constructed model‐farms belong to different PTs such as “forage production”, “cash crops”, “refinement”, and “permanent crops”. The PT “permanent crops” refers to the cultivation of wine. The cropping system of each PT was analyzed in detail, while livestock keeping was considered only when applicable. Positive humus balances were found for all PTs except for permanent crops. The results ranged from –122 to 890 kg C ha^?1 y^?1. Regions and farm structure, e.g., forage production compared to cash crop, were found to have a greater influence than the kind of farming system (i.e., organic vs. conventional farming). Comparing the different PTs, forage production had the highest positive humus balances (219 to 890 kg C ha^?1 y^?1), followed by cash crop (24 to 239 kg C ha^?1 y^?1), refinement (–64 to 402 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and permanent crops (–122 to –38 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Regarding the farming system, organic farming led to more humus accumulation than conventional farming due to a higher share of fodder legumes and catch crops and more diverse crop rotations. The results were within the range of available empirical data on SOM change, and it was therefore concluded that the results are reasonable. In general, humus reproduction can be regarded as sufficient for agricultural production.  相似文献   

Seasonal development of above‐ and below‐ground organs of Trifolium pratense in grass–legume mixture on different soils          下载免费PDF全文

Lucie Chmelíková  Sebastian Wolfrum  Harald Schmid  Michal Hejcman  Kurt‐Jürgen Hülsbergen 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2015,178(1):13-24

Grass–legume mixtures are suitable for crop rotations in organic farming. However, seasonal development of below‐ground organs of Trifolium pratense in mixtures and on different soils was neglected. We asked (1) how the diameter of the root neck, the maximum order of branching as well as (2) the nodule traits are affected by locality and time, and (3) how above‐ground plant traits of red clover vary in space and time. Red clover was investigated in grass–legume mixtures in the first year of vegetation. Five sites in S Germany were sampled at the day of cut at the end of May, the beginning of July, and at the end of August, respectively. Under similar climatic conditions root traits (diameter of the root neck, order of root branching, size of nodules, and proportion of senescent nodules) differed with soil conditions and time within the season. Root diameter increased during the season. Higher sand content fostered root branching and branched roots developed more nodules. Thinner roots had more active nodules (pink). Root diameter and non‐active senescent (green) or moribund (brown) nodules increased at the end of season. Nodule activity differed more according to season than to soil conditions. The number of nodules per plant (12.5–19.5) decreased from May to August. Cylindrical nodules were found on 85–100% of the plants and branched nodules only on 0–25%. The height of plants was lowest in May and increased in July. The mean number of stems per plant (3.3–6.3) was highest in August. Understanding red clover traits and N₂ fixation is interesting scientifically as well as agronomical. Organic and conventional farmers can both benefit of our findings.  相似文献   

Decreased concentration of hemoglobin,accumulation of lipid oxidation products and unchanged skeletal muscle in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed low dietary vitamin E     

Kristin Hamre  Brit Hjeltnes  Harald Kryvi  Sverre Sandberg  Mette Lorentzen  Øyvind Lie 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,12(5):421-429

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry, initial weight 0.16 g, were fed a semipurified diet with 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg. After 24 weeks, the first two of these groups were extinct, and the fish receiving 30 mg/kg were clearly vitamin E deficient. Vitamin E deficient fish had low hemoglobin levels, characterized by a combination of reduced cellular hemoglobin concentration, red cell volume and red cell number, and an increased number and fraction of immature red blood cells. The hemoglobin concentration decreased over the decreasing range of experimental dl-ga-tocopheryl acetate levels. Therefore, even if 60 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg gave good survival, this level was clearly physiologically suboptimal. Ceroid accumulated in the liver of fish fed 30 mg vitamin E/kg, and autofluorescent inclusions were found in the red blood cells of fish fed 30 and 60 mg vitamin E/kg. Degeneration of skeletal muscle was not observed in the present study.  相似文献   

Tagging of juvenile lobsters (Homarus gammarus (L.)) with visible implant fluorescent elastomer tags     

Ingebrigt Uglem  Harald Nœss  Eva Farestveit  Knut Eirik Jørstad 《Aquacultural Engineering》1996,15(6):499-501

Visible implant fluorescent elastomer (VIFE) tags were implanted beneath the epidermal layer within the abdomen of 25 juvenile lobsters. After three molts the tag retention was 100% and the total survival 92%. The results suggest that VIFE tags could be an effective tool when assessing the feasibility of enhancing natural lobster stocks.  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1977/1978     

Dr. Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Harald Ohle  Helga I. Maass 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1979,27(2):247-264

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1977 and 1978 were put together and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1977/1978

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1977–1978 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1977 1978

, 1977–1978 . .

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Zur Anreicherung von Schwermetallen in Böden und Kulturpflanzen durch praktische Klärschlammdüngung     

Harald Gebhardt  R. Grün  F. Pusch 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1988,151(5):307-310

The accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops by practical sewage sludge application An accumulation of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper was found in some soils and crops after sewage sludge application as compared with same soils and plants not fertilized with sewage sludge. In the soils the heavy metals mainly were accumulated in the Ap-horizons. The displacement into subsoils was small, in spite of the good permeability of the sandy soils investigated. Relatively the mobility of zinc and cadmium in soils was most distinct. Within the plants the accumulation of the heavy metals was strongest in the roots, however also evident in the shoots of rye, barley and oats. Zinc and copper was concentrated in the grains, too. On the meadow-land an accumulation of the elements investigated was found in the blades of rye grass (Lolium perenne L.).  相似文献   

Röber,R. und Schaller,K.: Pflanzenernährung im Gartenbau,mit 352 Seiten, 35 Farb- und 37 SW-Abbildungen, 84 Zeichnungen, 13 Tabellen. Verlag E. Ulmer,Stuttgart 1985, Preis: 78,-DM.     

M. Schenk 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1985,148(6):704-704

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Electroencephalographic recordings in dogs: Prevention of muscle artifacts and evaluation of two activation techniques in healthy individuals     

Christina Brauer  Sabine B.R. Kästner  Henning C. Schenk  Julia Tünsmeyer 《Research in veterinary science》2011,90(2):306-311

This study was performed to improve a standard anesthetic protocol for electroencephalography (EEG) in dogs and to evaluate the effect of photic stimulation and hyperventilation on the EEG of healthy dogs. Ten clinically and neurologically normal beagle dogs were anesthetized with propofol given intravenously with average doses of 7.5 mg/kg for induction and 0.37 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion for maintenance. Rocuronium bromide (0.4 mg/kg IV) was used as a peripheral muscle relaxant in order to prevent muscle artifacts. EEGs were recorded digitally using five subdermal needle electrodes. Photic stimulation and hyperventilation were performed to evaluate two activation techniques commonly used in human EEG recording methods. Monopolar and bipolar montages were analyzed visually and quantitatively. The use of rocuronium produced muscle artifact-free EEG recordings during the given recording procedure which indicates that rocuronium is a valuable adjunct to anesthesia during EEG recording. Photic stimulation and hyperventilation did not provoke paroxysmal discharges in the EEG of healthy dogs. Analysis of quantitative EEG data showed that background activity did not differ significantly between periods with and without stimulation. This data are important basic values and will further help to compare the effects of photic stimulation and hyperventilation of healthy dogs and those suffering from epilepsy.  相似文献