Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1983/1984     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1985,33(2):307-324

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1983 and 1984 were complied and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1983/1984

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1983 und 1984 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1983–1984

, 1983 1984 . .

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Die Perlzwiebeln des Gaterslebener Sortiments und Bemerkungen zur Systematik und Karyologie dieser Sippe     

Peter Hanelt  Harald Ohle 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1978,26(2):339-348

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Hardrot van Gladiolen,veroorzaakt doorSeptoria gladioli     

P. K. Schenk 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1960,66(3):205-227

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Microbial biomass and activity on railway track and embankments     

Cederlund H  Stenström J 《Pest management science》2004,60(6):550-555

The spatial distribution of microbial biomass and microbial activity was studied in two Swedish railway embankments (located close to Mora and N?ssj?). Basal respiration and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) as well as the active (r) and dormant (K) fractions of the microbial biomass were determined in samples taken from the surface layer of the ballast. The SIR, r, K and basal respiration values were all of an overall low magnitude, but were highly variable over short distances on the track. Both the biomass and basal respiration were higher on the sides of the embankment than in the middle of the tracks. SIR, K and basal respiration were correlated to the organic matter content as measured by loss on ignition, whereas r was not. None of the parameters correlated with pH. It is proposed that organic matter content could be used as a predictor for microbial biomass in railway embankments.  相似文献   

The geologically recent giant impact basins at Vesta's south pole     

Schenk P  O'Brien DP  Marchi S  Gaskell R  Preusker F  Roatsch T  Jaumann R  Buczkowski D  McCord T  McSween HY  Williams D  Yingst A  Raymond C  Russell C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6082):694-697

Dawn's global mapping of Vesta reveals that its observed south polar depression is composed of two overlapping giant impact features. These large basins provide exceptional windows into impact processes at planetary scales. The youngest, Rheasilvia, is 500 kilometers wide and 19 kilometers deep and finds its nearest morphologic analog among large basins on low-gravity icy satellites. Extensive ejecta deposits occur, but impact melt volume is low, exposing an unusual spiral fracture pattern that is likely related to faulting during uplift and convergence of the basin floor. Rheasilvia obliterated half of another 400-kilometer-wide impact basin, Veneneia. Both basins are unexpectedly young, roughly 1 to 2 billion years, and their formation substantially reset Vestan geology and excavated sufficient volumes of older compositionally heterogeneous crustal material to have created the Vestoids and howardite-eucrite-diogenite meteorites.  相似文献   

Characterization of In Vitro Synthesized Equine Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators S24 and S4     

Oliver Krug  Andreas Thomas  Simon Beuck  Ina Schenk  Marc Machnik  Wilhelm Schänzer  Ulf Bondesson  Mikael Hedeland  Mario Thevis 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012

Several selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have been synthesized and investigated in humans, rats, and dogs in the past, but no data are yet available concerning the metabolism of SARMs in horses. The aryl-propionamide-derived drug candidates S24 and S4 (andarine) have a strong androgen receptor binding affinity and show distinctive specific cell answers. Although no SARM drug candidate (aiming for testosterone replacement therapy) has completed clinical trials yet, S4 has been illicitly available via the Internet. These facts led to the prohibition of SARMs by the German equestrian federation, and the (mis)use of such compounds would further represent a doping rule violation in horse racing. In this study, the drug candidates S24 and S4 were subjected to in vitro metabolism experiments with equine liver microsomal preparations from a female Quarter Horse to obtain information about potential target analytes in equine doping control analysis. The enzymatically synthesized metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and –high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry. All observed S24 and S4 equine metabolites are in agreement with earlier in vitro and in vivo studies in humans and dogs. Nevertheless, the relative percentage of generated equine metabolites (as determined from the analytes’ response in full-scan chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and –high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry measurements) differs considerably from the reported profiles. Although the S24 metabolite pattern is comparably balanced concerning glucuronidated and sulfonated conjugates, the major S4 metabolite was found to be the unconjugated dephenylated compound, with a proportion of more than 90%.  相似文献   

Impacts of salvage-logging on the status of deadwood after windthrow in Swiss forests     

Kathrin Priewasser  Peter Brang  Hansheinrich Bachofen  Harald Bugmann  Thomas Wohlgemuth 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(2):231-240

Downed and standing deadwood (DW) is a key resource for maintaining forest biodiversity. Although extreme events such as windthrow and fires produce large quantities of DW, this substrate is often drastically reduced by logging activities. To elucidate the respecting consequences of salvage-logging, we assessed both quantity and quality of storm-derived DW (storms Vivian 1990 and Lothar 1999) in Swiss forests using a sample of 90 windthrow sites with ≥3 ha complete windthrow and at elevations ranging from 350 to 1,800 m a.s.l. The majority had been salvage-logged (SL) a few years after the windthrow. On each site, we recorded DW amount and quality on six circular sample plots 20 or 50 m² in size. DW volume on SL sites was surprisingly high, with 76.4 m³ ha^?1 on average 20 years after Vivian and 73.8 m³ ha^?1 10 years after Lothar. In comparison, DW volumes on unsalvaged sites, that is, with no post-windthrow intervention (NI), amounted to 270 m³ ha^?1. A wide variety of wood decay stages and diameter classes (10 to ≥70 cm) was found on both NI and SL sites, suggesting considerable habitat diversity for DW-associated species irrespective of the treatment. The considerable amounts of DW left after salvage-logging distinctly exceed the minimum DW volumes in forest stands proposed by Müller and Bütler (Eur J For Res 129: 981–992, 2010) in a conservation context, which demonstrates the importance of wind disturbance for biodiversity. Further studies should quantify DW of individual tree species, since habitat requirements are species-specific.  相似文献   

Concentrations and Flow of Free Amino Acids in Ruminal and Duodenal Liquid of Dairy Cows in Relation to Feed Composition,Time of Feeding and Level of Feed Intake     

Harald Volden  Weiert Velle  Øystein V. Sjaastad  Arnfinn Aulie  Odd Magne Harstad 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(1):35-45

The main purpose of this study was to examine sources of variation in free amino acids (FAA) in the rumen and their relative contribution to the total duodenal amino acid supply. Six cannulated lactating dairy cows fed three concentrate mixtures differing in ruminally degradable intake protein (101, 114 and 134 g kg^-1 dry matter) at two levels of intake (19.3 vs 9.8 kg dry matter day^-1  相似文献   

C and N turnover of fermented residues from biogas plants in soil in the presence of three different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris,Aporrectodea longa,Aporrectodea caliginosa)     

Gregor Ernst  Anne Müller  Harald Göhler  Christoph Emmerling 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(6):1413-1420

A soil microcosm experiment was performed to assess (1) the C- and N- turnover of residues from biogas plants in soils in the presence of three earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Aporrectodea longa and Aporrectodea caliginosa) and (2) the resulting changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties when using these residues as fertilizer in comparison to conventional slurry. Earthworms were exposed in soils, fertilized with an equivalent amount of 120 kg of NH₄-N ha^?1 from: (1) conventional cattle slurry and (2) a fermented residue derived from cattle slurry, grass (silage) and maize. Additional treatments without slurry and earthworms were used as controls.There was considerable evidence that soils fertilized by fermented slurry comprised fewer amounts of readily available nutrients for microbial C and N turnover. We observed significant stimulation of microbial biomass, basal respiration and nitrification in treatments with conventional slurry, especially in the presence of earthworms. However, the stimulation of microbial activity by manure and earthworms were significantly lower in treatments with fermented slurry. Moreover, the results showed clear interactions between different earthworm species and manures. While the biomass of the anecic species (L. terrestris and A. longa) increased in both slurry treatments, the biomass of A. caliginosa (endogeic) decreased, with a significantly stronger biomass decline in treatments with fermented slurry. The metabolic quotients revealed microbial stress metabolism in fermented slurry treatments, predominantly in treatments with A. caliginosa. We conclude that particularly A. caliginosa and soil microorganisms competed for labile C sources in treatments with fermented slurry. An application of these residues as fertilizer might result in a reduction of microbial activity in agricultural soils and in a decline of endogeic earthworms.  相似文献   

Testicular blood flow and plasma concentrations of testosterone and total estrogen in the stallion after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin     

Bollwein H  Schulze JJ  Miyamoto A  Sieme H 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2008,54(5):335-339

The goal of this study was to investigate for the first time a possible association between plasma concentrations of testosterone and total estrogen and testicular blood flow in the stallion. Correlations between these variables were calculated before and after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Eight mature warmblood stallions received 5,000 IU hCG intravenously, and four stallions received solvent only. Testicular blood flow in the left and right testicular arteries was assessed using colour Doppler sonography by measuring blood flow volume (BFV) and pulsatility index (PI) immediately before (time 0) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h after hCG administration. EDTA blood samples were collected after each examination from a jugular vein to measure plasma testosterone and total estrogen concentrations. After treatment, the BFV increased and was elevated at 1 h and between 12 and 24 h. The profile of the PI was contrary to that of the BFV throughout the study period. Following hCG, there was a biphasic increase in testosterone concentration with maxima between 1 and 3 h and between 24 and 72 h, and there was a monophasic increase in the total estrogen concentration with a maximum between 6 and 24 h. At time 0, the total estrogen concentration correlated significantly with BFV (r=0.90; P<0.05) but the testosterone concentration did not (P>0.05). The testosterone and total estrogen concentrations did not correlate with PI (P>0.05). The total estrogen concentration, but not testosterone, correlated well with BFV after injection of hCG (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the testicular blood flow volume of the stallion may be regulated by estrogens, but additional studies are necessary to investigate whether there is a causal relationship.  相似文献