Changing salmon: An analysis of body mass,abundance, survival,and productivity trends across 45 years in Puget Sound     

James P. Losee  Neala W. Kendall  Aaron Dufault 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(5):934-951

Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp., Salmonidae) of the Puget Sound region of Washington State, USA, have experienced recent and longer‐term (multidecadal) variability in abundance while supporting robust fisheries. As part of the post‐season salmon management process, population‐specific estimates of total adult abundance to Puget Sound (Strait of Juan de Fuca) for pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), coho (O. kisutch), sockeye (O. nerka), and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) are calculated annually. We compiled annual estimates of body mass, abundance and survival of hatchery‐ and naturally produced salmon from 1970 to 2015 to compare spatial and temporal patterns across species. Average weights of adult salmon and steelhead returning to Puget Sound, with the exception of coho salmon, have decreased since the 1970s. Temporal trends in abundance, survival and productivity varied by species and origin (hatchery vs. naturally produced). Generally, abundance and survival rates of natural‐origin species decreased whereas those of hatchery‐produced species did not, which is in contrast with other studies' general conclusions of decreasing survival among Puget Sound salmonids. Species diversity has decreased in recent years, with salmonids that rely on a short freshwater rearing phase in the natural environment (hatchery‐produced fish and naturally produced pink and chum) representing >90% of total returns in most years. This new information reveals patterns of body size, abundance, survival and productivity across species, life history and rearing type over the past 45 years and, in doing so, demonstrates the strength in multidecadal, multifactor time series to critically evaluate salmonid species.  相似文献   

Effects of roughage type on particle separation,rumination, fiber mat characteristics,in situ degradation,and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers     

Catherine L Lockard  Caleb G Lockard  Wyatt N Smith  Kendall J Karr  Ben P Holland  Alyssa B Word  Jamie L Foster  Jenny S Jennings 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(11)

Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 ± 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet: cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of 7 d of recovery, 14 d of diet adaptation, 7 d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1 d of rumen fluid collection, and 1 d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4 d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2-mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P ≤ 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P ≤ 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble and degradable DM. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal undegraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.  相似文献   

Presettlement landscape heterogeneity: Evaluating grain of resolution using General Land Office Survey data     

Hazel R. Delcourt  Paul A. Delcourt 《Landscape Ecology》1996,11(6):363-381

General Land Office Survey (GLOS) records from the A.D. 1840s provide data for quantitative characterization of presettlement vegetation across western Mackinac County, Michigan, located within the mixed conifer-northern hardwoods forest region. We analyzed data from land survey plat maps and 1958 bearing, witness, and line trees from 162 surveyed section and quarter-section corners in order to map vegatation cover types at a level of spatial resolution appropriate for characterizing landscape heterogeneity using standard landscape ecological metrics. As also demonstrated by a number of both classic and contemporary plant-ecological studies, the distribution of landforms, soils properties, hydrology, and location of fire breaks all contribute to the heterogeneity in vegetation observed at a landscape scale in the region. Through a series of spatial landscape analyses with differing grain of resolution, in this study we determine that a grid cell size of 65 ha (0.5 mi×0.5 mi or 0.25 mi²) to 259 ha (1 mi²) gives a conservative characterization of landscape heterogeneity using standard metrics and is therefore appropriate for use of GLOS data to study historical landscape changes.  相似文献   

Factors that affect the adoption and maintenance of weekly vitamin A supplementation among women in Ghana     

Hill Z  Kirkwood B  Kendall C  Adjei E  Arthur P  Agyemang CT 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(8):827-833

OBJECTIVE: To identify regimen, individual, community and cultural factors that affect adoption and adherence to weekly vitamin A supplementation in Ghana. DESIGN: Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who would be eligible for vitamin A supplementation, 30 with husbands, and 13 with drug sellers, birth attendants and health workers. Six focus group discussions were also conducted with women. These interviews were followed by a 4-month capsule trial with 60 women. Data from a previously conducted communication channel survey of 332 women were also reviewed. SETTING: The study was conducted in Kintampo District in central Ghana. SUBJECTS: Participants for the semi-structured interviews and focus groups were selected from four villages and the district capital, and women in the capsule trial were selected at random from two villages. RESULTS: Knowledge of vitamins was low and taking 'medicines' for long periods and when healthy is a new concept. In spite of this, long-term supplementation will be accepted if motives are explained, specific questions answered and clear instructions are given. Potential barriers included the idea of 'doctor' medicines as curative, false expectations of the supplement, forgetting to take the supplement, losing the supplement, travelling, lack of motivation, perceived side-effects, concerns that the supplement is really family planning or will make delivery difficult, and concerns about taking the supplement with other 'doctor' or herbal medicine, or when pregnant or breast-feeding, or if childless. CONCLUSION: Successful supplementation programmes require appropriately designed information, education and communication strategies. Designing such strategies requires pre-programme formative research to uncover barriers and facilitators for supplementation.  相似文献   

Extractant ph and the release of phenolic compounds from soils,plant roots and leaf litter     

D.C. Whitehead  Hazel Dibb  R.D. Hartley 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1981,13(5):343-348

The influence of pH was examined, over the range from 6 to 14, on the amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic and syringic acids, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin, extracted from four soils and associated roots or leaf litter. Adjustment of pH was obtained by the addition of graded amounts of Ca(OH)₂ to water or by 2 m NaOH. The roots associated with three of the soils were from permanent pasture, perennial ryegrass and red clover, while the leaf litter associated with the fourth soil was from beech.The amounts of each phenolic compound extracted increased continuously with increasing pH, from a “threshold” value which varied between pH 7.5 and 10.5. The amounts extracted by water alone from the soil under permanent pasture, at pH 5.8, were equivalent to concentrations in the soil solution ranging from 1.4 μm for p-hydroxybenzoic acid to < 10 nm for ferulie acid. Amounts of up to 2000 times greater than these were extracted by 2 m NaOH. Similar effects of extractant pH were found with the other soils.Comparisons of the amounts of the phenolic compounds extracted from the soils, with the amounts extracted from the associated roots or leaf litter, suggested that substantial proportions of the soil phenolic compounds were either derived from organic residues more than 4 yr old or were the result of microbial synthesis.  相似文献   

Ferripolyphosphate-whey protein powders. Their potential as nutritional iron supplements.     

S B Jones  E B Kalan  T C Jones  J F Hazel  L F Edmondson  A N Booth  J C Fritz 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1975,23(5):981-984

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Quaternary climates and sea levels of the u.s. Atlantic coastal plain     

Cronin TM  Szabo BJ  Ager TA  Hazel JE  Owens JP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,211(4479):233-240

Uranium-series dating of corals from marine deposits of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain coupled with paleoclimatic reconstructions based on ostracode (marine) and pollen (continent) data document at least five relatively warm intervals during the last 500,000 years. On the basis of multiple paleoenvironmental criteria, we determined relative sea level positions during the warm intervals, relative to present mean sea level, were 7 +/- 5 meters at 188,000 years ago, 7.5 +/- 1.5 meters at 120,000 years ago, 6.5 +/- 3.5 meters at 94,000 years ago, and 7 +/- 3 meters at 72,000 years ago. The composite sea level chronology for the Atlantic Coastal Plain is inconsistent with independent estimates of eustatic sea level positions during interglacial intervals of the last 200,000 years. Hydroisostatic adjustment from glacial-interglacial sea level fluctuations, lithospheric flexure, and isostatic uplift from sediment unloading due to erosion provide possible mechanisms to account for the discrepancies. Alternatively, current eustatic sea level estimates for the middle and late Quaternary may require revision.  相似文献   

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FILTERABILITY OF BACTERIA,INCLUDING A FILTERABLE ORGANISM OBTAINED FROM CASES OF INFLUENZA     

Kendall AI 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1931,74(1910):129-139

1. The isolation of a filter-passing diplococcus from the blood of certain cases of influenza by means of a special cultural medium is described. The experimental effects of this organism, while in the filterable state, upon rabbits, is discussed. 2. A procedure is formulated for inducing at will both a filterable and a non-filterable state in bacteria. Mention is made of a series of experiments in which both the filterable and the non-filterable state has thus been induced in a series of well-known bacteria comprising a variety of types. 3. It is postulated that a majority, if not all, known bacteria can and do exist in a filterable and in a non-filterable state. 4. A preliminary report of the isolation of microbes in the blood, not only of cases of influenza, but also from common cold, rheumatic fever, arthritis, from Staphylococcus bacteriophage and Besredka's Staphylococcus Antivirus is presented in evidence of the ubiquity of the procedure. 5. An explanation of the chemical basis for the existence of bacteria, both in the filterable and non-filterable states, in the animal and human body, and in culture, is proferred. 6. The relation of this chemical concept to microbic infection, and the state of microbes in the body during infection is discussed. In conclusion, it is a privilege as well as a pleasure to inscribe here my appreciation for the courteous cooperation of Dean Irving S. Cutter, Doctors Charles A. Elliott, Paul Starr, James G. Carr, Walter Nadler, Howard Alt and Herbert Barker, of the department of medicine, and to Northwestern University for the generous facilities and unrestricted opportunity for research which have contributed immeasurably to this investigation.  相似文献   

Congenital myasthenic syndrome in Golden Retrievers is associated with a novel COLQ mutation     

Kate L. Tsai  Karen M. Vernau  Kathryn Winger  Danielle M. Zwueste  Beverly K. Sturges  Marguerite Knipe  D. Colette Williams  Kendall J. Anderson  Jacquelyn M. Evans  Ling T. Guo  Leigh Anne Clark  G. Diane Shelton 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(1):258-265

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Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2-dimensional ultrasound methods     

Allison Kendall  Erin Keenihan  Zachary T. Kern  Crystal Lindaberry  Adam Birkenheuer  George E Moore  Shelly L. Vaden 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(6):2460-2467

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