Influence of age and parity on the distribution of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II, CD4, or CD8 molecules in the endometrium of mares during estrus     

Tunón AM  Rodríguez-Martínez H  Nummijärvi A  Magnusson U 《American journal of veterinary research》1999,60(12):1531-1535

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of age and parity on distribution and number of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD4, or CD8 molecules in the endometrium of mares during estrus. ANIMALS: 32 gynecologically healthy mares, categorized as young (3 to 8 years; n = 17) or old (9 to 16 years; 15) and nulliparous (n = 6), nulliparous embryo donors (16), or parous (10). PROCEDURES: Endometrial specimens collected from the uterine body and horns during estrus were stained by use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies against equine MHC class II, CD4, and CD8 molecules. Labeled cells in the stratum compactum within 5 randomly selected fields at 400x magnification (total area = 0.31 mm2) were counted, and numbers were compared among groups and between locations. RESULTS: Age did not affect cell numbers within the 3 cell subsets examined. Numbers in each subset were higher in the uterine body than in the horns, although the difference was not significant for cells expressing MHC class II. Significantly more cells expressing MHC class II molecules were detected in the uterine body of nulliparous and parous mares than in embryo donors, whereas in the horns, these cells were significantly higher in number only in parous mares. Parity did not affect number of CD4+ or CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The increased likelihood for endometritis to develop in mares as they age cannot be explained by a decrease in number of cells expressing MHC class II, CD4, or CD8 molecules within the endometrium. However, greater number of cells within these 3 subsets detected in the uterine body, compared with the horns, during estrus suggests a local readiness to act against microorganisms or semen introduced during mating or insemination.  相似文献   

Features of eggshell formation in guinea fowl: kinetics of shell deposition, uterine protein secretion and uterine histology     

Panhéleux M  Kälin O  Gautron J  Nys Y 《British poultry science》1999,40(5):632-643

1. Rate of calcium carbonate deposition, duration of eggshell formation, organic composition of the uterine fluid, morphology of the egg shells and histochemistry of the uterus were studied in guinea fowl to analyse the origin of such thick, strong egg shells. 2. The egg shell was linearly deposited from 6.4 h to 21.8 h after the oviposition of the previous egg. The rate of egg shell deposition was similar to that in laying hens. However, the duration of linear shell deposition was increased by 2.1 h relative to that in hens. This explained the increased egg shell weight observed in the guinea fowl. 3. Intervals between oviposition of intra-clutch eggs were 24 h throughout the laying period. Ovulation occurred just after oviposition of the previous egg in the guinea fowl, as previously observed in hens but the duration of egg white protein deposition, of plumping and of initiation of shell mineralisation were all 1.5 h shorter than in domestic hen. 4. Uterine fluid can only be collected during the growth and terminal phase of shell formation. The electrophoretic profiles of the uterine fluid differed between phases and were somewhat different from those previously observed in the hen. Ovalbumin and ovocleidin-17 were both present in the uterine fluid and also in egg shell extract. Ovocleidin-17 was predominant during the growth phase. 5. The histology of the uterus differed slightly in guinea fowl compared to hens. Ovocleidin and ovalbumin are both secreted by the tubular glands. 6. Examination of radial ultrathin sections of eggshell showed, above the mammillary layer, intricate interlacing of adjacent exospherite in guinea fowl in contrast to the continuous columnar microstructure in hens. 7. The kinetics of egg shell deposition largely explains the increased egg shell weight of guinea fowl. The organic matrix proteins may be associated with the contrast between the structural organisation of the guinea fowl egg shell and that of the hen egg shell.  相似文献   

Feeding of milk from cows with diseased udders to calves from the viewpoint of public health     

Hässig M 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》1999,141(3):125-129

Milk that cannot be brought to the market is often given to calves. While some authors recommend avoidance of the feeding of such milk, others do not see problems related to their use if this milk is treated and supplemented correctly. When altered milk is fed, the producer of calves is responsible for the risk that the calf could contract a disease and to a lesser extent that the health of the consumer of veal could be endangered. Because the owner of the calves is responsible for the risk associated with the feeding of altered milk, he should be informed on the danger and consequences. The consumer whose wishes control the market wants a product that is free from bacteria and drugs. Therefore, the necessity exists for the implementation of similar withdrawal times for the use of altered milk in calves. Two questions related to public health are asked to the veterinarians:how long the flora of the gastrointestinal tract of the calf remains affected after feeding of altered milk and how long antimicrobials can be detected in the edible tissues of the calves? If these questions are answered, guidelines for the use of mastitis milk could be used.  相似文献   

Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in dogs experimentally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi     

Härter L  Straubinger RK  Summers BA  Erb HN  Appel MJ 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,67(3):271-284

The up-regulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was determined by RT-PCR in 25 tissues each from 22 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs experimentally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick exposure and from five uninfected control dogs. Using primers specific for a homologous region of the human and canine iNOS sequence, and canine macrophage mRNA, we isolated and partially sequenced canine iNOS. A sequence of 1775 bases was obtained and primers specific for canine iNOS mRNA constructed to investigate the expression of iNOS in dog tissues in response to infection with B. burgdorferi. In 12 out of 22 dogs infected with B. burgdorferi, acute lameness occurred within 55-82 days after infection whereas the other 10 dogs showed no or only mild clinical signs despite persistent infection up to Day 175. The numbers of iNOS mRNA-positive tissues in dogs with acute lameness were significantly higher than in dogs without lameness, while uninfected dogs showed only negligible iNOS expression. Dogs with acute lameness also had higher numbers of borrelia-positive tissues as well as higher scores in histopathological evaluations than infected dogs without lameness. Our results show that the expression of iNOS mRNA is related to the number of B. burgdorferi-positive tissues and the severity of inflammation as assessed by histopathology. These results implicate an up-regulation of the iNOS mRNA as part of the host's immune response to borrelia infection and a possible role for NO in the pathogenesis of canine Lyme arthritis.  相似文献   

Body condition and dislocated abomasum: comparative investigations into back fat thickness and additional criteria in cattle     

Fürll M  Dabbagh MN  Jäkel L 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,106(1):5-9

The body condition, the kind of parturition, the milk yield and diseases during early lactation were investigated in 228 cows including heifers. Overconditioning (back fat thickness > 30 mm) before parturition resulted in cows falling ill with mastitis and abomasal displacement (DA). These cows mobilised the most fat in comparison with healthy cows and cows suffering from different diseases after parturition. Especially heifers (83%) which gave birth to heavier male calves fell ill with DA, therefore needed assistance during labour because of dystocia. Besides DA additional disturbances occurred in those heifers, e.g. 50% mastitis, and 30% retentio secundinarum in this investigation. The daily milk yield amounted to 13.1 kg in cows with DA and to 23 kg in healthy cows. The presented results support the classification of DA into the fat mobilisation syndrome. Consequently overconditioning and stress during parturition need to be avoided to prevent DA.  相似文献   

Detection of antibodies to S. enteritidis in broilers by means of indirect ELISA and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA)     

Zamora BM  Hartung M  Hildebrandt G  Käsbohrer A 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1999,46(1):9-23

This study was conducted to develop a serological detection system for the monitoring of broiler flocks for Salmonella enteritidis infections. A specific S. enteritidis antigen (FG-Antigen) was used to compare the sensitivity and the specificity of the chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) with those of the indirect ELISA. This comparison was performed using a total of 578 sera, which, depending on the microbiological and vaccination history, were categorized into groups. Most of the serum samples which were classified as positive showed higher titers in CLIA than in ELISA. Using the prevalence of positive reactors, significant differences between Groups were additionally demonstrated. The absorbance values of the passively immunized group showed the highest and those of the Salmonella-negative group the lowest correlation-coefficient. Using the mean net absorbance of the prevalence group, the ELISA system exhibited a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96.2%, while CLIA had a sensitivity and a specificity of 85.7% and 96.2%, respectively. ELISA and CLIA can be used in the examination of non vaccinated flocks for S. enteritidis-infections as alternative to the bacteriological culture method. CLIA is distinguished for its fast and convenient procedure as well as for its wider measurement spectrum, while the indirect ELISA is almost as efficient as CLIA and requires less investment.  相似文献   

Comparative retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve morphology     

Brooks DE  Komàromy AM  Källberg ME 《Veterinary ophthalmology》1999,2(1):3-11

The optic nerve is divided in four regions: intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. The vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are classified by morphology, physiology and soma size. Species differences and similarities occur with retinal ganglion cells. Alpha retinal ganglion cells have large somata, large dendritic fields, large-diameter axons, and are most dense in the peripheral retina. Beta retinal ganglion cells have smaller diameter somata, smaller dendritic fields, small diameter axons, and predominate in the central retina. Gamma retinal ganglion cells are a heterogenous class of cells and have small diameter axons, and slow axon conduction velocities. The spatial distribution and organization of the retinal ganglion cells extends retinotopically through the nerve fiber layer, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decreases from the optic disk toward the periphery of the retina. The retrobulbar optic nerve axon counts and axon density vary by species, with larger nerves having higher axon counts. Decussation of the optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm varies with 100% decussation in most birds and fish, 65% in cats, 75% in dogs, 80–90% in large animals, and 50% in primates. Centrifugal axons also occur in the optic nerve and may represent a method by which the brain can influence retinal activity.  相似文献   

Gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in tracheobronchial lavage fluid obtained from calves with concurrent infections of Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovirhinis     

Simonen-Jokinen TL  Eskelinen UM  Härtel HM  Nikunen SK  Saloniemi HS  Maisi PS 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(12):2101-2106

OBJECTIVE: To study gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) obtained from clinically normal calves and calves with Pasteurella multocida infection. SAMPLE POPULATION: Samples of TBLF obtained from 11 calves with clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and growth of P multocida and Mycoplasma spp during culture of TBLF and samples of TBLF from 6 clinically normal calves with no bacterial growth during culture of TBLF. PROCEDURE: MMPs in TBLF were analyzed by use of gelatin zymography. Gelatinases were identified on the basis of molecular weights and inhibition by EDTA. RESULTS: The main gelatinolytic MMPs detected were the proform (90 to 110 kd) and active form (75 to 85 kd) of MMP-9 (gelatinase B) and the proform (67 to 75 kd) and active form (< 65 kd) of MMP-2 (gelatinase A). Increased amounts of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected in TBLF of calves with respiratory tract disease, compared with amounts of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TBLF of clinically normal calves. Concurrent infection with Mycoplasma bovirhinis in calves with pneumonia attributable to P multocida was associated with higher concentrations of MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The host response to P multocida includes increases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations in TBLF. Greater amounts of MMPs detected in calves with concurrent M bovirhinis and P multocida infection indicates synergism between these organisms.  相似文献   

From farm to fork--Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as zoonotic agent?     

Bülte M  Schönenbrücher H  Abdulmawjood A 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(9-10):377-385

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of the paratuberculosis (Para Tb) in ruminants. In addition, this pathogen has been suspected to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Morbus Crohn disease (MC), causing chronic inflammatory intestine changes of humans. The participation of MAP in this illness is discussed intensively and has very contradictory opinions. On the one hand several times succeeded in proving MAP DNA in changed human tissues as well as, in recent time, the bacteria has been isolated from patient's blood. On the other hand there are many publications which support the opposite opinion. In critical evaluation of already available data, therefore the hypothesis can be formulated that MAP could possibly take part in the MC of humans. The reliable verification of this hypothesis will only be possible, if the diagnostic procedures can be refined upon the substantial deficit concerning the sensitivity and/or specificity of the diagnostic methods. In addition, till now there is lack of optimized statistically case control studies. The conceivable transmission of the bacteria to humans by the direct animal contact has been considered as possible vector, furthermore, MAP has been detected in pasteurised milk and other food of animal origin. The prevalence data, usually estimated by ELISA for milk cattle stock show over 80% prevalence in many counties of the Federal Republic of Germany with an individual case prevalence ranging between 1% and 17% in different stocks. Comparable data are present also from other countries as well as for small ruminants. MAP has been concerned as a global problem, moreover the high spreading rate of MAP in wild animal populations as well as the considerable ability of the bacteria to survive in different stages of the infectious- and contamination-cycle, which might hardly be broken through. Thus it requires intensive research efforts for the development of the methodical diagnostic process as basis for valid epidemiological investigations of animals, humans and food.  相似文献   

Etiology of torsio uteri in cattle: a review     

Schönfelder A  Sobiraj A 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2005,147(9):397-402

An overview about various observed phenomena, assumptions, and relations concerning the development of uterine torsion in cattle is presented. Furthermore, contradictory observations and old ideas are relativated and more accurate interpretations are given. It is known that the fetus himself is moving what is considered a reason for a torsion of the uterus. Intrauterine movements of the fetus are physiologic, and therefore other factors for uterine torsions are likely to be involved. A very plausible explanation for the selective occurrence of uterine torsion in cattle seems to be decreased amniotic fluid in relation to the size of fetus and uterus, because other influences can also be observed in all or at least in a high number of other animals. Destabilizing factors concerning the uterus (tonus decreased, uterus outside bursa supraomentalis) increase the possibility of developing a torsio uteri but are not compelling for the torsio uteri.  相似文献