Vaccination against classical swine fever virus: limitations and new strategies     

Greiser-Wilke I  Moennig V 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2004,5(2):223-226

The most widely used vaccines for the control of classical swine fever (CSF) in countries where it is endemic are live attenuated virus strains, which are highly efficacious, inducing virtually complete protection against challenge with pathogenic virus. In the European Union (EU), the combination of prophylactic mass vaccination and culling of infected pigs in endemic regions has made it possible to almost eradicate the disease. However, it is not possible to discriminate between infected and vaccinated animals, thus hampering disease control measures that rely on serology. Therefore, vaccination was banned at the end of 1990 before the internal common market was established in the EU. Vaccination is allowed only in severe emergencies. In addition, there are strict restrictions on the international trade in pig products from countries using vaccination. To circumvent these problems, marker vaccines which allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) have been developed. There are several approaches, ranging from protective peptides, single expressed proteins, naked DNA and chimeric viruses. To date, two subunit vaccines based on the E2 glycoprotein are commercially available and have been tested extensively for their efficacy. The accompanying discriminatory tests are based on an ELISA detecting another viral glycoprotein, the E(rns). The subunit vaccines were found to be less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. In addition, the currently available discriminatory tests do not provide high enough specificity and sensitivity. Although there is an urgent need for more advanced marker vaccines and better discriminatory tests, the development of new DIVA vaccines against CSF is hampered by the small market potential for these products.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity of recent bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from the southeast of Austria (Styria)     

Vilcek S  Greiser-Wilke I  Durkovic B  Obritzhauser W  Deutz A  Köfer J 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,91(2-3):285-291

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Molecular assay for the identification of Setaria tundra     

Favia G  Cancrini G  Ferroglio E  Casiraghi M  Ricci I  Rossi L 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,117(1-2):139-145

We report the molecular characterization of the amplification products obtained by specific PCR experiments aimed to identify the 5S ribosomal spacer of Setaria tundra specimens isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in north Italy, which represent the first record of the parasite in this country. Three different fragments of approximately 400, 800, and 1200 bp (base pairs) are produced. Sequence analyses showed that all three fragments share a very high level of similarity to 5S spacer sequences of some Setaria species and other filariae present in genebank. Based on these sequences, we were able to design species-specific PCR primers for the precise identification of S. tundra.  相似文献   

Comparison of immunohistochemistry and two rapid tests for detection of abnormal prion protein in different brain regions of sheep with typical scrapie.     

Rosa Bolea  Eva Monleón  Irene Schiller  Alexander J Raeber  Cristina Acín  Marta Monzón  Inmaculada Martín-Burriel  Thomas Struckmeyer  Bruno Oesch  Juan José Badiola 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(5):467-469

One of the "gold standard" techniques for postmortem confirmation of scrapie diagnosis in sheep and goats is immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue. Active surveillance for scrapie is mainly performed by rapid diagnostic tests on the basis of postmortem immunochemical detection of prion protein (PrP) in the obex tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of 2 rapid tests, Prionics-Check LIA (a chemiluminescence sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Prionics-Check Western blot for scrapie diagnosis when applied to brain areas other than the obex, in comparison with the recognized immunohistochemistry. Prion protein was detected in the obex, cervical spinal cord, and thalamus from all the scrapie-positive sheep by the 3 tests. Western blot and LIA were negative in other areas of the brain, although weak immunohistochemical staining was detected. The results show that the 2 rapid tests studied may detect PrP in brain areas other than the obex, although with a lower sensitivity than immunohistochemistry when there is minimal PrP deposition.  相似文献   

Cytologic findings, and feline herpesvirus DNA and Chlamydophila felis antigen detection rates in normal cats and cats with conjunctival and corneal lesions     

Volopich S  Benetka V  Schwendenwein I  Möstl K  Sommerfeld-Stur I  Nell B 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2005,8(1):25-32

Samples were collected from 36 cats with feline herpesvirus (FHV-1)-related ocular disease (conjunctivitis, epithelial or stromal keratitis, or corneal sequestration), and 17 cats without ocular changes. Corneoconjunctival swabs, scrapings and biopsies were tested in various combinations for presence of FHV-1 DNA using single round (sr) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR (nPCR). Additional swabs from the inferior conjunctival fornix were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Chlamydophila felis antigen. Cytologic evaluation was carried out on conjunctival (cats with conjunctivitis) and corneal (cats with keratitis) cytobrush preparations. FHV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in 14 (39%) cats with ocular disease and 1 (6%) of the control group. Agreement between srPCR and nPCR results was significant (P < 0.01). FHV-1 DNA was detected in 3/7 cats with conjunctivitis, 5/6 cats with epithelial keratitis, 3/11 cats with stromal keratitis, and 3/12 cats with corneal sequestration. There was a significant association (P = 0.0027) between viral presence and epithelial keratitis. However, no significant association was found between viral presence and conjunctivitis (P = 0.059), stromal keratitis (P = 0.15), or corneal sequestration (P = 0.18). With respect to FHV-1 DNA detection, intersample agreement was significant (P < 0.03). No sampling technique seemed more likely than another to harvest detectable viral DNA, except for cats with corneal sequestrum in which viral DNA was not detected using corneoconjunctival swabs. FHV-1 DNA was detected in 6/9 samples with intranuclear inclusion bodies and in 6/7 cats with eosinophils on cytologic examination. All samples tested negative for C. felis antigen.  相似文献   

Patterns of disturbance at multiple scales in real and simulated landscapes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Giovanni Zurlini  Kurt H. Riitters  Nicola Zaccarelli  Irene Petrosillo 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(5):705-721

We describe a framework to characterize and interpret the spatial patterns of disturbances at multiple scales in socio-ecological systems. Domains of scale are defined in pattern metric space and mapped in geographic space, which can help to understand how anthropogenic disturbances might impact biodiversity through habitat modification. The approach identifies typical disturbance 'profiles' based on the similarity of trajectories in a pattern metric space over a range of spatial scales. When different profiles are coherent in pattern metric space, they describe a regional spatial pattern. The divergence of a profile indicates a scale-dependent transition to a local spatial pattern, which can be examined for correspondence to different regions of geographic space. We illustrate the conceptual model with simulated maps and real disturbance maps from satellite imagery in south Italy. The results suggest that management of disturbances in the study region depend less on local drivers of disturbance and more on broader-scale drivers within the socio-ecological framework.  相似文献   

The inhibition of flower bud differentiation in ‘Crimson Gold’ nectarine with GA₃ as an alternative to hand thinning     

Irene García-Pallas  J. Val  A. Blanco   《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,90(3-4):265-278

The reduction of flower bud density by gibberellin sprays, to adjust the cropping level, is a novel approach to fruit thinning of peach and nectarine. A linear reduction in the number of flowers developed per unit of shoot length was found following the spray application of increasing concentrations of GA₃, in the nectarine cultivar ‘Crimson Gold’. These reductions in flower number led to reductions in yield at harvest, and increases in mean fruit weight. Flowering was slightly delayed by the GA₃ treatments, but no differences in ripening were detected at harvest, this depending rather on fruit size. The yield obtained by the application of 200 mg l⁻¹ GA₃ corresponded to that obtained with a very good thinning level, as established by hand thinning. No secondary effects on vegetative growth followed either the application of GA₃ or the reductions in crop load by means of hand thinning. Decreasing crop-loads have resulted in an increase in fruit size and an advance of fruit ripening, measured by greater levels of soluble solids and lower flesh firmness. A good commercial quality fruit size was obtained for crop-loads of 300 fruits per tree or less.  相似文献   

Comparative evaluation of DNA integrity using sperm chromatin structure assay and Sperm‐Ovis‐Halomax during in vitro capacitation of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa     

Patricia Peris‐Frau  Manuel lvarez‐Rodríguez  Alicia Martín‐Maestro  María Iniesta‐Cuerda  Irene Snchez‐Ajofrín  Jos Julin Garde  Heriberto Rodriguez‐Martinez  Ana Josefa Soler 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(Z4):46-49

This study aimed to compare the ability of sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA^®) and Sperm‐Ovis‐Halomax^® to detect DNA fragmentation in frozen‐thawed ram spermatozoa incubated under capacitating conditions in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) supplemented with oestrous sheep serum (SOF‐ESS) at multiple time points (0–240 min). Incubation in SOF‐ESS had no significant effects on SCSA^® parameters while the percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA measured by Sperm‐Ovis‐Halomax^® increased after 180 min of incubation. In addition, no correlation or agreement was found between the techniques, suggesting that SCSA^® and Sperm‐Ovis‐Halomax^® may quantify different types of DNA damage in ram spermatozoa under these experimental conditions.  相似文献   

Study of feline injection-site sarcomas     

Dean R  Adams V  Dunham S  Montgomery D  Mellor D  Philbey A  Whitbread T  Scase T  McCandlish I  Pfeiffer D  Smith K 《The Veterinary record》2008,162(20):664

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Interlaboratory testing of porcine sera for antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2.     

Irene McNair  Michelle Marshall  Francis McNeilly  Anette Botner  Anne-Sofie Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen  Isabelle Vincent  Brigitte Herrmann  Romeo Sanchez  Carrie Rhodes 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2004,16(2):164-166

A panel of 20 porcine sera was distributed to 5 laboratories across Europe and Canada. Each center was requested to test the sera for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 antibodies using the routine assays, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and indirect immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), and to determine the titer of each serum. Results from all centers were then compiled and correlated. They demonstrate a wide variation in the titers obtained between laboratories. These differences were dependent on the assay used and the choice of fixative. In general, IPMA gave higher titers than did IFA, and paraformaldehyde gave higher titers than did acetone or ethyl alcohol. This report highlights the need for standardized procedures and biologicals for this virus.  相似文献