Lactic acid bacteria vs. pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of fish: a review     

Einar Ringø  Lisbeth Løvmo  Mads Kristiansen  Yvonne Bakken  Irene Salinas  Reidar Myklebust  Rolf Erik Olsen  Terry M Mayhew 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(4):451-467

Intensive fish production worldwide has increased the risk of infectious diseases. However, before any infection can be established, pathogens must penetrate the primary barrier. In fish, the three major routes of infection are the skin, gills and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is essentially a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane of columnar epithelial cells that exhibit a regional variation in structure and function. In the last two decades, our understanding of the endocytosis and translocation of bacteria across this mucosa, and the sorts of cell damage caused by pathogenic bacteria, has increased. Electron microscopy has made a valuable contribution to this knowledge. In the fish‐farming industry, severe economic losses are caused by furunculosis (agent, Aeromonas salmonicida spp. salmonicida) and vibriosis [agent, Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum]. This article provides an overview of the GI tract of fish from an electron microscopical perspective focusing on cellular damage (specific attack on tight junctions and desmosomes) caused by pathogenic bacteria, and interactions between the ‘good’ intestinal bacteria [e.g. lactic acid bacteria (LAB)] and pathogens. Using different in vitro methods, several studies have demonstrated that co‐incubation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) foregut (proximal intestine) with LAB and pathogens can have beneficial effects, the cell damage caused by the pathogens being prevented, to some extent, by the LAB. However, there is uncertainty over whether or not similar effects are observed in other species such as Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). When discussing cellular damage in the GI tract of fish caused by pathogenic bacteria, several important questions arise including: (1) Do different pathogenic bacteria use different mechanisms to infect the gut? (2) Does the gradual development of the GI tract from larva to adult affect infection? (3) Are there different infection patterns between different fish species? The present article addresses these and other questions.  相似文献   

Computerized Methodology for Evaluating Drinking Water Treatment Technologies: Part II     

Lo  Irene M. C.  Alok  Pota A. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,117(1-4):83-103

The previously described computer based system, Best Available Technology Evaluator (BATE), is used for least cost comparison of AST and AST with GPGAC and LPGAC processes. The underlying LPGAC cost and process dynamics simulation models are complex and need to be modified and coupled in an efficient manner in order to yield useful preliminary design data. This paper discusses a technique for such model combination and a method for finding the LPGAC least cost. Sensitivity analysis of LPGAC cost and performance with respect to common operating parameters such as empty bed contact time (EBCT), hydraulic loading rate (HL), and process configuration is discussed in light of this efficient model combination and least cost finding technique. This study shows that there is an optimal combination of EBCT and LPGAC process configuration for which its cost is comparable to that of AST alone and AST with GPGAC. Such optimal combinations are discussed for some VOC scenarios.  相似文献   

Influence of dietary levels of soybean meal on the performance and gut histology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)     

Alessio Bonaldo  ries J Roem  Paolo Fagioli  Alessio Pecchini  Irene Cipollini  & Pier Paolo Gatta 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(9):970-978

The present study was performed to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) on the performance and gut histology of gilthead sea bream and European sea bass. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic extruded diets (crude protein, 470 g kg⁻¹ diet; crude fat, 200 g kg⁻¹ diet) were formulated containing 0 (0 SBM), 180 (180 SBM) and 300 (300 SBM) g kg⁻¹ diet SBM and tested on both species in two separate experiments. Fish at an initial average weight of around 18 g were randomly allocated to 800 L square tanks connected to a closed recirculating system. The trials lasted 80 days for sea bream and 89 days for sea bass. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation. Increasing the level of SBM had no significant effects on the specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion rate in both the species. In the sea bream distal intestine, lamina propria was moderately and diffusely expanded in some fish due to an increase in cell infiltration represented by mononuclear cells, this finding being more frequent in animals fed diet 300 SBM. No other morphological alterations in intestinal folds, enterocytes or other inflammation signs were noticed in the sea bream distal intestine of any group. No histological differences were found in sea bass in any experimental group.  相似文献   

Effect of cutting and gibberellin treatment on autumn-grown seed potatoes for spring planting     

Israel Slomnicki  Irene Rylski 《Potato Research》1964,7(3):184-192

Summary Length of dormancy limits the use of autumn-grown seed potatoes for planting the spring crop. Trials of different treatments for breaking dormancy were carried out for four successive seasons (1958–1961). Cutting the seed and dipping in gibberellic acid (GA) was effective in breaking dormancy. Cutting two weeks before planting and dipping the seed pieces in a 1 ppm GA solution gave the best results. Instead of cutting, smaller sized seed can be pierced, thus enabling the entire yield of tubers to be used for seed. Higher concentrations of GA induced growth abnormalities in both plants and tubers without producing any improvement in the breaking of dormancy over the lowest concentration used (1 ppm). Physiological aspects of seed potatoes are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In Israel wird der Gebrauch von Saatkartoffeln aus Herbsternte für die Frühjahrspflanzung durch die L?nge der Keimruhe beschr?nkt. W?hrend vier aufeinanderfolgenden Anbauperioden (1959–1961) wurden Versuche mit verschiedenen Behandlungen zur Brechung der Keimruhe durchgeführt. Durch Schneiden und Eintauchen der Saatknollen in Gibberellins?ure (GA) wurde die Keimruhe wirksam gebrochen. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden erzielt, wenn das Saatgut zwei Wochen vor der Pflanzung geschnitten und die Knollenstücke in eine GA-L?sung von 1 ppm eingetaucht wurden (Tabellen 1 und 2). Kleinere Saatknollen k?nnen statt geschnitten nur durchstochen werden, so dass der ganze Knollenertrag für Saatzwecke gebraucht werden kann (Tabelle 2). H?here GA-Konzentrationen führten zu Missbildungen sowohl der Pflanzen wie der Knollen, ohne eine Verbesserung im Brechen der Keimruhe gegenüber der niedrigsten angewendeten Konzentration (1 ppm) zu bewirken. Physiologische Aspekte der Pflanzkartoffeln werden besprochen.

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Résumé En Isra?l, la longueur de la dormance limite l’utilisation de plants de pomme de terre poussés en automne pour la plantation de printemps. Différents traitements pour rompre la dormance ont été effectués pendant quatre saisons successives (1959–1961). Le sectionnement des plants et le trempage dans l’acide giberellique (GA) sont efficaces pour rompre la dormance. Le sectionnement deux semaines avant la plantation et le trempage des fragments dans une solution à 1 ppm¹ de GA donnent les meilleurs résultats (Tableaux 1 et 2). Les petits plants peuvent être perforés plut?t que sectionnés, ce qui permet alors d’utiliser la récolte entière de tubercules comme plants (Tableau 2). Une plus haute concentration de GA provoquait le développement d’anomalies à la fois dans les plantes et les tubercules sans apporter d’avantage dans la rupture de la dormance, par rapport à la plus basse concentration utilisée (1 ppm¹). Le point de vue physiologique est discuté. ¹ppm.=partie par million.

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Publication of the National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel. 1963 series. No. 571-E.  相似文献   

Effect of Extrusion Processing Conditions on the Phenolic Compound Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Bran     

Ortiz-Cruz  Raquel Alejandra  Ramírez-Wong  Benjamín  Ledesma-Osuna  Ana Irene  Torres-Chávez  Patricia Isabel  Sánchez-Machado  Dalia Isabel  Montaño-Leyva  Beatriz  López-Cervantes  Jaime  Gutiérrez-Dorado  Roberto 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2020,75(2):252-257

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Sorghum is a cereal with little use in human diet; however, this grain can provide several nutrients and, additionally, has a high content of phenolic compounds...  相似文献   

Distribution of trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergosterol in a fractionated wheat harvest lot     

Neuhof T  Koch M  Rasenko T  Nehls I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(16):7566-7571

To investigate possible co-occurrences of type B trichothecenes and zearalenone within a Fusarium culmorum-infected wheat harvest lot, kernels were fractionated into six groups by visual criteria. The Fusarium-damaged kernels were subdivided into white, shrunken, and red kernel groups, and the remaining kernels were sorted into healthy, black spotted, and nonspecific groups. The distribution patterns of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ergosterol were determined for possible correlations. Significant correlations between the distribution patterns were found for the mycotoxins and ergosterol for the grouped kernels (r = 0.997-0.999, p < 0.0001). Additionally, remarkably outstanding levels of nivalenol (24-fold more than the mean at 1.16 mg/kg), deoxynivalenol (27-fold more than the mean at 0.16 mg/kg), zearalenone (25-fold more than the mean at 77 microg/kg), and ergosterol (17-fold more than the mean at 13.4 mg/kg) were found in the red kernel group. Further, detailed mycotoxin and ergosterol analyses were carried out on various segments (kernel surface, conidia, bran, and flour) of the red kernels. However, the mycotoxin and ergosterol distribution profiles revealed nonsignificant correlations for these kernel segments, with the exception of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, which were moderately correlated (r = 0.948, p = 0.035).  相似文献   

Spezifisches Gewicht neuer Apfelsorten     

Irene Höller  Walter Guerra  Karin Gummerer 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2017,59(2):85-91

At the Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg the specific weight of 121 apple varieties from the own variety collection was measured by a hydrostatic method (Archimedes principle) from 2007 to 2013. For this purpose samples of 10 apples per cultivar were collected mainly from the sites of Laimburg (220?m asl) and Laces (700 meters asl) and were examined annually at the same period with uniform fruits equal in size. The cultivars could be classified in specific weight classes from 0.75 to 0.91?g/cm³. 76% of the varieties were assigned to the middle classes since they had specific weights ranging from 0.80 to 0.86?g/cm³. ‘Golden Delicious’ was included within the specific “very light” varieties while ‘Braeburn’, ‘Nicoter Kanzi®’ and ‘Scifresh Jazz®’ were classified as “very heavy” varieties. The year and location do not significantly influence the specific weight, since this parameter depends rather on genetically caused factors such as the intercellular volume and the dry matter content of the fruit. The specific gravity can be an interesting complementary information to describe an apple variety.  相似文献   

Pan‐continental invasion of Pseudorasbora parva: towards a better understanding of freshwater fish invasions     

Rodolphe E Gozlan  Demetra Andreou  Takashi Asaeda  Kathleen Beyer  Rachid Bouhadad  Dean Burnard  Nuno Caiola  Predrag Cakic  Vesna Djikanovic  Hamid R Esmaeili  Istvan Falka  Duncan Golicher  Akos Harka  Galina Jeney  Vladimír Kováč  Jiří Musil  Annamaria Nocita  Meta Povz  Nicolas Poulet  Tomas Virbickas  Christian Wolter  A Serhan Tarkan  Elena Tricarico  Teodora Trichkova  Hugo Verreycken  Andrzej Witkowski  Chun Guang Zhang  Irene Zweimueller  J Robert Britton 《Fish and Fisheries》2010,11(4):315-340

In recent years, policy‐makers have sought the development of appropriate tools to prevent and manage introductions of invasive species. However, these tools are not well suited for introductions of non‐target species that are unknowingly released alongside intentionally‐introduced species. The most compelling example of such invasion is arguably the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small cyprinid species originating from East Asia. A combination of sociological, economical and biological factors has fuelled their rapid invasion since the 1960s; 32 countries (from Central Asia to North Africa) have been invaded in less than 50 years. Based on a combination of monitoring surveys (2535 populations sampled) and literature reviews, this paper aims to quantify and characterise important invasion parameters, such as pathways of introduction, time between introduction and detection, lag phase and plasticity of life history traits. Every decade, five new countries have reported P. parva introduction, mainly resulting from the movement of Chinese carps for fish farming. The mean detection period after first introduction was 4 years, a duration insufficient to prevent their pan‐continental invasion. High phenotypic plasticity in fitness related traits such as growth, early maturity, fecundity, reproductive behaviour and the ability to cope with novel pathogens has predisposed P. parva to being a strong invader. The Pseudorasbora parva invasion has provided quantitative data for the development of 1) early warning systems across different spatial scales; 2) rapid eradication programmes prior to natural spread in open systems and 3) sound risk assessments with emphasis on plasticity of life history traits.  相似文献   

Caudal fin abnormalities in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) have a strong genetic variance component     

Stefanos Fragkoulis  Irene Economou  Gabriel Moukas  George Koumoundouros  Costas Batargias 《Journal of fish diseases》2020,43(7):825-828

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Effects of dietary cholesterol on hepatopancreas associated with morphotypic differentiation in male Amazon River Prawns,Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862)     

Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz  Karina Ribeiro  Carlos Alberto Vicentini  Irene Bastos Franceschini Vicentini  Luciene Patrici Papa 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(3):862-870

Cholesterol is a necessary element in the diet of prawns and it is involved in the metabolic processes of sexual maturation and synthesis of the molting hormone. Freshwater prawns are not able to synthesise cholesterol from specialised metabolic pathways. The aim of this study was to describe changes in structural and morphometric patterns of hepatopancreas associated with morphotypic differentiation of males Macrobrachium amazonicum when fed with different levels of cholesterol. Considering the four morphotypes of this species, Translucent Claw morphotype specimens were split into experimental units and divided into four groups, fed with different levels of cholesterol (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) for 50 days. They were collected as they reached Green Claw (GC) morphotype, weighed to determine the hepatosomatic index, and the hepatopancreas was processed in histological routine for morphologic and morphometric analysis. In this study, it was possible to observe that the 2% cholesterol treatment exhibited more animals that reached the GC morphotype, and there was no significant weight gain in all treatments. Histologically, B‐cell abundance and hypervacuolized as well as F‐ and R‐cells shortages were observed as the percentage of cholesterol increased. This alteration in cellular profile correlates with the morphometric analyses that exhibited an increase in epithelial area and alterations in the lumen shape. This imbalance observed in the lumen‐epithelium relationship may be associated with a low digestive performance and possibly congested the functions of hepatopancreas. Thus, high doses of cholesterol promoted morphotypic differentiation without weight gain, due to alterations on hepatopancreas.  相似文献