LOW OSMOLAR CONTRAST MEDIA A Review     

Ruth  Dennis  MA  Vet. MB  Michael E.  Herrtage  MA  BVSC 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1989,30(1):2-12

Conventional water-soluble iodine-containing contrast media such as salts of diatrizoic and iothalamic acids dissociate in solution resulting in preparations which are very high in osmolality. Intravascular or intrathecal injections of these compounds therefore represent severe physicochemical insult to the body, with many associated side effects. Contrast media with lower osmolalities have been produced in two ways: first by producing compounds which do not dissociate in solution (metrizamide, and more recently iopamidol and iohexol), and second by creating dimers (ioxaglate). These media provide significant clinical advantages over the conventional, hyperosmolar media. A new class of nonionizing dimers with even lower osmolalities are currently being investigated. This paper reviews the development of the low osmolar media, their advantages, and their use in medical and veterinary radiology.  相似文献   

Management of mycotic keratitis in a horse using a conjunctival pedicle graft     

MB COLLINS  MT ETHELL  DR HODGSON 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(9):298-299

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Polioencephalomalacia in two alpacas     

C. BECK  AJ DART  MB COLLINS  DR HODGSON  J. PARBERY 《Australian veterinary journal》1996,74(5):350-352

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Accuracy of increased large-intestine wall thickness during ultrasonography for diagnosing large-colon torsion in 42 horses     

Anthony P. Pease  DVM  MS    Peter V. Scrivani  DVM    Hollis N. Erb  DVM  PhD    Vanessa L. Cook  MA  Vet MB  MS  MRCVS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2004,45(3):220-224

Large-colon torsion is a common cause of colic in horses and has a worse prognosis and higher cost than other causes of surgical colic of the large colon. During large-colon torsion, the colon wall becomes thick due to vascular occlusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that detecting increased colon wall thickness during ultrasonography would be an accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion. The sample population consisted of 42 horses that were admitted for surgical treatment of colic localized to the large colon. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy examination. Twelve (29%) of these horses were diagnosed with large-colon torsion. Duplicate ultrasonographic measurements of colon wall thickness were made at six abdominal locations and an average measurement was calculated. For four of these six sites, a significant difference (P < 0.005) was detected between horses with and without large-colon torsion. All four tests were moderately sensitive and highly specific for diagnosing large-colon torsion using five decision criteria. Using a ventral abdominal window, a colon wall thickness > or = 9 mm accurately predicted large-colon torsion in eight of the 12 horses (sensitivity, 67%; confidence interval [CI], 36-98%) and correctly predicted that large-colon torsion was absent in 28/28 horses (specificity 100%; CI, 98-100%). Intraobserver repeatability was assessed by evaluating the difference between the first and second measurements obtained, which was < or = 2 mm. Therefore, detecting increased large-colon wall thickness during ultrasonography is a reproducible and accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion in horses with surgical colic localized to the large colon.  相似文献   

Toxicity of neem to natural enemies of aphids     

D. T. Lowery  M. B. Isman 《Phytoparasitica》1995,23(4):297-306

Neem [Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.)] seed oil (NSO) applied in three concentrations, 0.5%, 1% and 2%, to potted plants infested with green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), totally prevented adult eclosion of larval coccinellids,Coccinella undecimpunctata L., and reduced adult eclosion of syrphids,Eupeodes fumipennis (Thompson), to 11%, 7% and 0%, respectively, of the controls. Under the same conditions, NSO did not reduce the rate of parasitism ofM. persicae byDiaeretiella rapae (Mcintosh), but emergence of parasitoid adults from aphid mummies collected from treated plants was reduced to 35%, 24% and 0%, respectively, of the controls. Although topical treatment of predator larvae with NSO at concentrations of up to 5% did not affect survival, emergence of parasitoids from mummies dipped in aqueous emulsions of NSO at similar rates was reduced significantly. Under field conditions, sprays of NSO and neem seed extract to plants had no significant impact on the number of aphids parasitized. Although total numbers of predators were reduced, numbers of predators relative to aphid numbers were similar to those in controls. Neem insecticides may be suitable for use in integrated pest management programs, as under field use they appear to be relatively benign to aphid predators and parasitoids.  相似文献   

Insecticidal activity of essential oils to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Isman MB  Wan AJ  Passreiter CM 《Fitoterapia》2001,72(1):65-68

Twenty-one essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity via topical administration to third instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum produced >90% larval mortality at 24 h at a dose of 100 microg per larva. The LD(50) value for S. hortensis (48.4 microg) was comparable to that for Thymus vulgaris (46.9 microg). The monoterpenoid phenols thymol and carvacrol, major constituents of the oils of Thymus and Satureia species, likely account for the insecticidal action of the species.  相似文献   

Comparison of the efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics,either singly or in combination with other anthelmintic(s), in nine beef herds in southern NSW     

MB Allworth  B Goonan  JE Nelson  G Kelly  SR McGrath  RG Woodgate 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(8):293-295

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a well-recognized challenge in farmed ruminants. The use of anthelmintics in combination is one of the strategies recommended to slow the rate of AR development. Two studies were undertaken in 2017 and 2019 to assess the efficacy of single-dose macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintic and ML combination drenches. In total, 11 Faecal Egg Count Reduction Trials (FECRTs) were set up in 10 different beef herds, with results available from 10 of those FECRTs (9 herds). AR to a single ML anthelmintic was detected in all 9 herds, with resistance to Cooperia and Haemonchus spp on 9 farms, and resistance to Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp on 2 farms. In contrast, for the ML combination anthelmintics, all FECRTs resulted in efficacies of 99%–100%. The results suggest that cattle producers should strongly consider using combination drenches in their herds in preference to single actives.  相似文献   

Relationships among Puberty,Muscle and Fat,and Liveweight Gain during Mating in Young Female Sheep          下载免费PDF全文

CA Rosales Nieto  MB Ferguson  H Thompson  JR Briegel  CA Macleay  GB Martin  AN Thompson 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(4):637-642

Greater depths of muscle are associated with better reproductive performance in ewe lambs, but, in adult ewes, reproductive performance also seems to vary with liveweight gain during the mating period. Therefore, in a large field study with Merino ewe lambs, we tested whether the relationships among eye muscle depth (EMD), fat depth (FAT) and reproductive performance depend on liveweight gain during the mating period. We selected lambs with a wide range in phenotypic values for depths of eye muscle (EMD) and fat (FAT) and assigned them to dietary treatments designed to achieve low (LOW, n = 244) or high (HIGH, n = 237) rates of liveweight gain during a 28‐day mating period. The LOW treatment maintained live weight, whereas the HIGH treatment gained 179 ± 3.8 g/day (p < 0.001). From those ewe lambs that attained puberty, first oestrus was detected at live weight 37.8 ± 0.2 kg and age 232 days. The proportion of ewes that attained puberty increased with EMD (p < 0.01). Ewes from the HIGH treatment were more fertile (pregnant ewes per 100 ewes exposed to rams) and had a higher reproductive rate (foetuses in utero per 100 ewes exposed to rams; p < 0.001) than those from the LOW treatment. Fertility and reproductive rate were positively correlated with weight gain during mating as well as live weight at the start of mating, FAT and EMD (p < 0.05 to <0.001). We conclude that faster growth, due to either extra nutrition during mating or higher phenotypic potential for fat and muscle, will increase reproductive performance in ewe lambs mated at 8 months of age.  相似文献   

Screening of dialkoxybenzenes and disubstituted cyclopentene derivatives against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, for the discovery of new feeding and oviposition deterrents     

Akhtar Y  Isman MB  Paduraru PM  Nagabandi S  Nair R  Plettner E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(25):10323-10330

The antifeedant, oviposition deterrent, and toxic effects of dialkoxybenzene minilibraries and of disubstituted cyclopentene minilibraries (i.e., consisting of four to five compounds) along with their pure constituent compounds were assessed against third instar larvae and adults of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, in laboratory bioassays in a search for new insect control agents. These compounds mimic naturally occurring bioactive odorants and tastants and are relatively easily prepared from commodity chemicals. Most of these libraries strongly deterred larval feeding, with some exhibiting strong toxic and oviposition deterrent effects as well. Our results suggest some structure-function relationships within these libraries. Replacement of a methyl group with larger alkyl substituents increased the feeding deterrent effects in most cases. The presence of a free hydroxyl group, irrespective of the carbon framework or alkyl substituent, served to reduce feeding deterrent effects in all series of compounds. Further, exceeding a certain group size also generally had a detrimental effect. This information will be useful in designing new insect control agents for agriculture. Some of these libraries and compounds may have potential for development as commercial insecticides.  相似文献   

IDENTIFICATION OF ARACHNOID CYSTS IN THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY     

Miyoko  Saito  DVM  Natasha J.  Olby  VET MB  PhD  Kathy  Spaulding  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2001,42(5):435-439

The ultrasonographic findings in three small breed dogs with intracranial arachnoid cysts are described. Ultrasound images were obtained via the foramen magnum, temporal window and persistent bregmatic fontanelle (when possible). In transverse, dorsal and sagittal transcranial ultrasound images there was marked dilation of the lateral ventricles and a well-defined, oval to triangular-shaped anechoic area between the caudal aspect of the occipital lobes, dorsal to the midbrain, and rostral to the cerebellum. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of concurrent hydrocephalus and an arachnoid cyst within the quadrigeminal cistern.  相似文献