Tracing Pollution and its Sources with Isotopes     

Göran E. Åberg 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1577-1582

Naturally occurring isotope systems, such as strontium and lead, are very useful for characterizing sources of pollution and producing background information. The phase-out of lead additives to gasoline in Northern Europe has for example not phased out the lead contamination of the environment. The stable lead isotope method shows the contribution from small local sources to the lead contamination of the Oslo air during a period when the combustion of gasoline, the major source of lead contamination, has been decreasing. Wood combustion for domestic heating is one of these polluting sources in Norway. Strontium analyses show that roadsalt from de-icing of a nearby road is accumulated in the soil surrounding an about 4500 year old rock carving. At rainfall this salt is re-dissolved and drained over the rock carving. The impact from the road is confirmed by lead isotopes. Lead and strontium analysis of teeth show the contribution from industry and traffic on todays humans and the differences in nutrient intake during the Medieval era are compared with today. The isotope signatures of the Medieval teeth also show that a person living along the coast can be distinguished easily from a person living in the central parts of the country, and that the Medieval individual mainly lived on locally produce, while the contemporary person to a great degree lives on industrially manufactured food.  相似文献   

Some studies on carbohydrates in potato tubers     

K. Larsson  A. -C. Salomonsson  O. Theander  P. Åman 《Potato Research》1979,22(4):345-351

Summary Starch and pulp were isolated from three cultivars of potato tubers grown in four localities. The starch content in the pulp was determined by an enzymatic method which is shown to be more accurate than a polarimetric method. On an average, 94% of the starch was isolated and 5% remained in the pulp. The change in low-molecular weight carbohydrates in the potato tubers during storage for 2, 4, 7 and 11 weeks at 9 C was studied. Generally there was an increase of sucrose, glucose, fructose andmyo-inositol during the first 2–4 weeks of storage, followed by a diminishing decrease.  相似文献   

Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Reduction in Vegetation Microcosms     

Johan Åström  Anneli Carlander  Kenneth Sahlén  Thor Axel Stenström 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,176(1-4):375-387

Municipal wastewater has been applied as a fertilizer to coniferous forest in northern Sweden with the additional aims to purify the wastewater and reduce the treatment costs. This practice has the potential to introduce pathogenic microorganisms from the applied wastewater or sludge to the environment, with a subsequent risk of transmission to exposed humans or animals. Seasonality and climatological conditions, in particular low temperature, humidity and low sun intensity will furthermore affect the persistence of pathogens in the forest in northern Scandinavia and may therefore enhance the survival and thereby the exposure risk. The survival of two pathogens (Salmonella senftenberg and Campylobacter coli) and four fecal indicator organisms; bacteria strains (E. coli and E. fecalis) and bacteriophages (S. typhimurium phage 28 B and ?x174), used here as viral models, was evaluated in microcosms (60 Litre terrariums) with two vegetation regimes (characterized as moss and lichen) at selected temperatures (+3^?C to +27^?C) and artificial light exposure (light and dark). Salmonella persisted in high numbers after 35 days in the vegetation, indicating a potential risk for further transmission. Neither the vegetation regime nor temperature or light exposure as independent factors governed the reduction of the indicator bacteria and the bacteriophages. The persistence of the indicator organisms was generally best supported in the moss vegetation at low temperature in the dark, where the time for a 90% reduction (T₉₀) was in the range from 8 days (E. coli) to 31 days (Salmonella phage). The die-off characteristics found in this study provide baseline values for further validations in the field and verify that the purification and reuse of municipal wastewater in coniferous forest could potentially be responsible for transmission of fecal pathogens to humans and animals.  相似文献   

Environmental Monitoring of Rock Carvings in Scandinavia     

Elin Dahlin  Peter Torssander  Carl-Magnus Mörth  Heléne Strandh  Göran Åberg  Jan F. Henriksen  Odd Anda  Runo Löfvendahl 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1475-1480

In the Scandinavian countries, Norway and Sweden, increased weathering rate of cultural property such as rock carvings, mostly dated between 4200 ? 500 BC, has become a serious problem. Observations during the last decades have shown severe deterioration due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic influences. In order to study the rate of weathering of the rock carvings an interdisciplinary group from Norway and Sweden was formed to carry out environmental monitoring on one site in each country, one of them belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The results from this investigation have elucidated the problems concerning weathering of silicate rock surfaces and the different parameters causing the deterioration. Based on the obtained results some counter measures in order to preserve the rock carvings have been tested.  相似文献   

Long-term changes in concentration and deposition of atmospheric mercury over Scandinavia     

Åke Iverfeldt  John Munthe  Cyrill Brosset  Jozef Pacyna 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,80(1-4):227-233

Samples for measurements of total gaseous mercury (Hg) in air have been collected since 1980 in south-western part of Scandinavia. A collection program for precipitation samples used to determine changes in depositional fluxes of total Hg has been in operation since 1987. A comparison of today's total gaseous Hg levels in air and the total Hg concentrations in precipitation with the ones found earlier, shows a clear decrease with time. At the Swedish west-coast, yearly average air concentrations and median levels of 3.3 and 3.1 (1980–1984), 3.2 and 2.8 (1985–1989), and 2.7 and 2.6 ng Hg/m³ (1990–1992), respectively, were found. Increased average and median winter concentrations were always found, with levels at 3.7 and 3.4, 3.7 and 3.3, and 3.0 and 2.7 ng Hg/m³ for the respective time period. Higher winter values were expected due to increased anthropogenic emissions and changes in the mixing height of the atmosphere. The corresponding total wet deposition rates decreased from 27 (1987–1989) to 10 μg Hg/m² yr. (1990–1992). A finding of special interest was the decreased number of episodic events of high total gaseous Hg levels in air, from 1990 and further on. In addition, the frequency distribution of the concentrations of Hg in air seems to be different for these years compared to the other two time periods. A frequency distribution of air concentrations of Hg more resembling a normal distribution was found for the years 1990 to 1992. The decrease of the atmospheric burden of total gaseous Hg and deposition of total Hg are most probably connected to lower emissions in source areas on the European continent. It seems logical to state that the problem of high Hg depositional fluxes to Scandinavia, is best solved by abatement strategies on the regional scale.  相似文献   

Experimental reproduction of winter dysentery in lactating cows using BCV -- comparison with BCV infection in milk-fed calves     

Tråvén M  Näslund K  Linde N  Linde B  Silván A  Fossum C  Hedlund KO  Larsson B 《Veterinary microbiology》2001,81(2):127-151

Infection models were developed for adult cows and for young calves using the same strain of bovine coronavirus (BCV), which for the first time allows experimental reproduction of winter dysentery (WD) in seronegative lactating cows. The cattle were infected through direct contact with an experimentally inoculated calf. All experimental cattle shed faecal BCV with development of diarrhoea, being profusely watery with small amounts of blood in the most severely affected animals, including both cows and calves. The cows, in contrast to the calves, showed depressed general condition and appetite leading to a marked decrease in milk yield. Further age-associated differences were a shorter incubation period in the two youngest calves, but with milder fever and milder decrease in white blood cell counts. These findings shed light on the apparent epidemiological differences between WD and calf BCV diarrhoea suggesting that, (1) the same strains of BCV cause natural outbreaks of calf diarrhoea and WD, (2) seronegative cows are more severely affected by the infection than seronegative conventionally reared calves, and (3) unaffected general condition in diarrhoeic calves may lead to underestimation of the occurrence of calf diarrhoea in WD outbreaks.In response to infection, all cattle produced early interferon type 1 in serum and, except for one calf, in nasal secretions. A finding not previously reported is the detection of interferon type 1 responses in bovine milk. All cattle developed high IgM antibody responses and long-lasting IgA antibody responses both systemically and locally. The serum IgM antibody responses came earlier in most of the calves than in the cows. Prolonged IgM antibody responses were detected in serum and milk, while those in nasal secretions were much shorter. BCV-specific IgA was present in nasal secretions from all cattle throughout the 6 months follow-up. The IgA antibody response in serum was detected up to 17 months post-infection and the duration showed an age-related variation indicating a more prominent IgA memory in the adult cattle and in the older calves than in the younger ones. BCV-specific IgG was detected in all cattle during the experimental period of up to 22 months. In conclusion, WD was reproduced in seronegative lactating cows. The cows showed a more severe general diseases than seronegative calves infected concurrently. Very long-lasting IgA antibody responses were detected both systemically and locally.  相似文献   

Longitudinal Analysis of Quality of Life,Clinical, Radiographic,Echocardiographic, and Laboratory Variables in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Receiving Pimobendan or Benazepril: The QUEST Study     

J. Häggström  A. Boswood  M. O'Grady  O. Jöns  S. Smith  S. Swift  M. Borgarelli  B. Gavaghan  J.‐G. Kresken  M. Patteson  B. Åblad  C.M. Bussadori  T. Glaus  A. Kovačević  M. Rapp  R.A. Santilli  A. Tidholm  A. Eriksson  M.C. Belanger  M. Deinert  C.J.L. Little  C. Kvart  A. French  M. Rønn‐Landbo  G. Wess  A. Eggertsdottir  M. Lynne O'Sullivan  M. Schneider  C.W. Lombard  J. Dukes‐McEwan  R. Willis  A. Louvet  R. DiFruscia 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2013,27(6):1441-1451

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Effect of contamination of pasture with military explosives on grazing behaviour in sheep     

G. Steinheim  Ø. A. Voie  T. Ådnøy  K. S. Longva  Ø. Holand 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(3):157-160

Abstract

Ungulates grazing in military training areas may be exposed to non-combusted fragments of various explosives, among which 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) are two of the most common. This study investigated if sheep react to their pastures being contaminated with TNT or HMX. The experiment was conducted in fenced-in study areas on grass-dominated pasture. The eight sheep studied did not differentiate between clean pasture and contaminated pasture when choosing freely between plots containing TNT, HMX or no contamination. The results indicate that sheep grazing military training areas are unlikely to have behavioural responses reducing time spent grazing sites where TNT or HMX are present as fragments in the field layer.  相似文献   

Clinical efficacy and safety of a water‐soluble micellar paclitaxel (Paccal Vet) in canine mastocytomas     

P. Rivera  N. Åkerlund‐Denneberg  K. Bergvall  M. Kessler  A. Rowe  M. Willmann  G. Persson  G. Kastengren Fröberg  S. Westberg  H. von Euler 《The Journal of small animal practice》2013,54(1):20-27

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Evaluation of a serological test (indirect ELISA) for the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)     

Bornstein S  Frössling J  Näslund K  Zakrisson G  Mörner T 《Veterinary dermatology》2006,17(6):411-416

Sarcoptic mange occurs in many parts of the world and is common in populations of domestic and wild canids, including red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). In recent years, an indirect antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional diagnostic methods, has been successfully applied in the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in dogs. The same ELISA has also demonstrated specific antibodies to Sarcoptes scabiei in experimentally infected red foxes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indirect ELISA when used to detect antibodies to S. scabiei in field sera from Swedish red foxes. One cohort of both infected and non-infected red foxes (cohort 1; n = 88), and one cohort of apparently non-infected foxes (cohort 2; n = 67) were examined for skin lesions and presence of S. scabiei by thorough visual examination at autopsy and skin scrapings. Samples of blood-tinted body liquid from the abdomen or thorax cavity were collected and analysed by the indirect ELISA. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA at different cut-offs (OD values) were estimated by comparing the test results to the infection status as determined by examination and skin scrapings. The highest combination of relative sensitivity and specificity, calculated based on cohort 1, was 95.4 and 100.0%, respectively. These estimates were constant for cut-offs 0.150-0.225, which included the cut-off based on the mean plus three standard deviations of test results from cohort 2 (0.165). It is concluded that this test can be useful in diagnosis and epidemiological studies of S. scabiei infection in red foxes.  相似文献