A Scale Measure of State Regulatory Climate Toward Finfish Aquaculture     

Ferdinand F  Wirth E. Jane  Luzar 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2000,31(4):545-557

States are responsible for implementing many key environmental laws enacted during the last 30 years. State level variations in legal, regulatory, and development programs targeted toward the aquaculture industry can affect aquaculture firm decision making, including site location and species selection decisions. This research focused on development and testing of a summated scale measure of state regulatory climate toward finfish aquaculture. Data for the analysis were generated from a national survey of state level finfish aquaculture programs. The final aquaculture regulatory climate scale (ARCScale) ranges from 0–18, with the numerical value of the scale increasing with increases in regulatory stringency. Scale values were computed for each state plus Guam for five categories of finfish: baitfish, ornamentals, commercial foodfish, freshwater gamefish, and marine gamefish. The scale allows direct comparison between states, enabling aquaculture producers to make more informed location, species selection, and business decisions. The scale also provides a means for evaluating changes in state institutional characteristics and regulatory climate over time.  相似文献   

Micro-organisms and metal retention in the woodlouse Oniscus asellus     

P.J. Coughtrey  M.H. Martin  Jane Chard  S.W. Shales 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1980,12(1):23-27

Claims by other authors as to the importance of coprophagy and micro-organisms in copper uptake by terrestrial isopods are largely unsubstantiated. This paper describes an expriment which shows that, at least in Oniscus asellus, Cu and Zn and rapidly assimilated irrespective of coprophagy. In contrast, Cd and Pb were not rapidly assimilated although Cd was more readily retained by animals not able to resort to coprophagy. Numbers of bacteria and fungi in the food supply and in both guts and faeces of O. asellus are related to animal activity and corophagy. Numbers of bacteria in faeces are higher than in original litter suggesting a stimulation during passage through the gut, in comparison numbers of fungi show the reverse. In the absence of corophagy numbers of micro-organisms are reduced in the litter, presumably by increased grazing. he ratio of actinomycetes: bacteria in the animal gut ranges from 0.024 to 0.247 and this ratio is affected by both corophagy and the food supply. The metal tolerance of the gut microflora increases as result of feeding on litter contaminated with metals, but is also affected by coprophagy. Although the association of micro-organisms in the feeding strategy of terrestrial isopods still requires a great deal of research it is suggested that actinomycetes could be of importance in the nutrition, and ultimately metal concentration, of O. asellus.  相似文献   

The resilience of long and short food chains: a case study of flooding in Queensland,Australia     

Kiah Smith  Geoffrey Lawrence  Amy MacMahon  Jane Muller  Michelle Brady 《Agriculture and Human Values》2016,33(1):45-60

This paper provides new insights into the food security performance of long and short food chains, through an analysis of the resilience of such chains during the severe weather events that occurred in the Australian State of Queensland in early 2011. Widespread flooding cut roads and highways, isolated towns, and resulted in the deaths of people and animals. Farmlands were inundated and there were food shortages in many towns. We found clear evidence that the supermarket-based (long) food chain delivery system experienced significant difficulties in supplying food to flood-affected towns. In contrast, more localized (short) food supply chains—which relied upon supply from growers in peri-urban areas and community-based food initiatives—remained largely intact, and provided food at a time when the supermarkets were limited in their ability to respond to consumer demand. However, on closer examination of food distribution during flooding in the regional city of Rockhampton and in the State capital, Brisbane, the demarcation of success between “long” and “short” food chains became blurred. Both types of food supply chains shared some key resilience characteristics in responding to crisis but diverged in other important ways. We argue that conceptualizing food chains in terms of key elements of resilience—scale, diversity, flexibility and cohesion—may be more fruitful than the short-long dichotomy alone. This approach is particularly useful when prioritizing food security as the basis for evaluating food system sustainability in a context of predicted increases in extreme weather events and future climate change.  相似文献   

Interspecific cross of Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra and B. napus : effects of growth condition and silique age on the efficiency of hybrid production, and inheritance of erucic acid in the self-pollinated backcross generation     

Rick A. Bennett  Mohan R. Thiagarajah  Jane R. King  M. Habibur Rahman 《Euphytica》2008,164(2):593-601

Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between Brassica napus (2n = 38, AACC) and B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n = 18, CC) to introgress the zero-erucic acid alleles from B. napus into B. oleracea. The ovule culture embryo rescue technique was applied for production of F₁ plants. The effects of silique age, as measured by days after pollination (DAP), and growth condition (temperature) on the efficiency of this technique was investigated. The greatest numbers of hybrids per pollination were produced under 20°/15°C (day/night) at 16 DAP for B. oleracea (♀) × B. napus crosses, while under 15°/10°C at 14 DAP for B. napus (♀) × B. oleracea crosses. Application of the ovule culture technique also increased the efficiency of BC₁ (F₁ × B. oleracea) hybrid production by 10-fold over in vivo seed set. The segregation of erucic acid alleles in the self-pollinated backcross generation, i.e. in BC₁S₁ seeds, revealed that the gametes of the F₁ and BC₁ plants carrying a greater number of A-genome chromosomes were more viable. This resulted in a significantly greater number of intermediate and a smaller number of high-erucic acid BC₁S₁ seeds.  相似文献   

Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kalt W  Blumberg JB  McDonald JE  Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR  Fillmore SA  Graf BA  O'Leary JM  Milbury PE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(3):705-712

Dietary intervention with anthocyanins may confer benefits in brain function, including vision. Research to date indicates that animals have only a limited capacity to absorb anthocyanins, compared to other types of flavonoids. Pigs, which are a suitable model for human digestive absorption, were used to examine the deposition of anthocyanins in tissues including the liver, eye, and brain tissue. Pigs were fed diets supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4% w/w blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum L. 'Jersey') for 4 weeks. Prior to euthanasia, pigs were fasted for 18-21 h. Although no anthocyanins were detected in the plasma or urine of the fasted animals, intact anthocyanins were detected in all tissues where they were sought. LC-MS/MS results are presented for the relative concentration of 11 intact anthocyanins in the liver, eye, cortex, and cerebellum. The results suggest that anthocyanins can accumulate in tissues, including tissues beyond the blood-brain barrier.  相似文献   

Phytochemical and dietary fiber components in barley varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen     

Andersson AA  Lampi AM  Nyström L  Piironen V  Li L  Ward JL  Gebruers K  Courtin CM  Delcour JA  Boros D  Fraś A  Dynkowska W  Rakszegi M  Bedo Z  Shewry PR  Aman P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):9767-9776

Ten different barley varieties grown in one location were studied for their content of tocols, folate, plant sterols, alkylresorcinols, and phenolic acids, as well as dietary fiber components (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan). The samples included hulled and hull-less barley types and types with normal, high-amylose, and waxy starch. The aim was to study the composition of raw materials, and therefore the hulls were not removed from the hulled barleys. A large variation was observed in the contents of all phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Two varieties from the INRA Clermont Ferrand barley program in France (CFL93-149 and CFL98-398) had high content of tocopherols and alkylresorcinols, whereas the variety Dicktoo was highest in dietary fiber content and phenolics. Positive correlations were found between 1000 kernel weight, alkylresorcinols, and tocols, as well as between dietary fiber content and phenolic compounds. The results demonstrate that the levels of phytochemicals in barley can likely be affected by breeding and that the contents of single phytochemicals may easily be adjusted by a right selection of a genotype.  相似文献   

What about the children? The experience of families involved in an adult-focused diabetes intervention     

Laroche HH  Davis MM  Forman J  Palmisano G  Heisler M 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(4):427-436

OBJECTIVE: Among adults with diabetes attempting to change their own diets, we explored how these adults approached providing food for their children and how their children reacted to dietary changes in the household. DESIGN: The research design used semi-structured parallel individual interviews of adults and a child (aged 10-17 years) in their home. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, coded and analysed for themes. SUBJECTS: Subjects included families in which one inner-city African American or Latino adult with diabetes had completed a diabetes intervention promoting healthy dietary behaviours. RESULTS: We completed 29 interviews (14 adult-child pairs and one child). Adults approached making dietary changes for themselves and also providing food for their family in different ways, ranging from expecting everyone to eat the same thing to preparing two separate meals. Many children resisted dietary changes while fewer acquiesced. Among children who went along with changes, some reported resisting initially then adjusting, while others did not resist because the food still tasted good or they could obtain preferred foods outside the house. The intersection of adults' meal strategies and children's reactions to the changes can be used to categorise families into different patterns. These patterns highlight the tension between an adult who must make dietary changes to control diabetes and a child who is not necessarily motivated to change. CONCLUSION: From this framework we suggest hypotheses about how these patterns might influence dietary behaviour in adults and children. Understanding these patterns could guide interventions to assist parents in successfully including children in their dietary changes.  相似文献   

Evaluation of electrolyzed oxidizing water for phytotoxic effects and pre-harvest management of gray mold disease on strawberry plants     

Jane L. Guentzel  Michael A. Callan  Kang Liang Lam  Stuart A. Emmons  Valgene L. Dunham 《Crop Protection》2011,30(10):1274-1279

Near neutral (pH = 6.3-6.5) electrolyzed oxidizing water (EO water) has been demonstrated to inactivate fungi in pure culture and to mitigate infection on fruit surfaces. One possible alternative or supplement to traditional pre-harvest crop management practices that currently rely on the use of large quantities of fungicides is near neutral EO water. In the present work, treatment of Botrytis cinerea or Monilinia fructicola with near neutral EO water (50 or 100 ppm total residual chlorine (TRC)) in pure culture resulted in a 10⁶ reduction and 100% inactivation as evidenced by negative broth enrichment. When applied in concert with 50 or 100 ppm EO water, treatments of Captan 50WP (captan), Rovral (iprodione), Iprodione 4LAG (iprodione), or Switch 62.5 WDG (cyprodinil and fludioxonil) effectively inhibited fungal growth of B. cinerea as evidenced by a 10⁶ reduction on the direct plate and negative broth enrichment. Treatments of Captan 50WG (captan), Rovral (iprodione), Iprodione 4LAG (iprodione), Switch 62.5 WDG (cyprodinil and fludioxonil), Captan 80 WDG (captan), or Captevate (captan and fenhexamide) when applied in concert with 50 or 100 ppm EO resulted in a 10⁶ reduction of M. Fructicola and 100% inactivation as evidenced by negative broth enrichment. Strawberry plants sprayed with EO water (pH = 6.3-6.5) at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm TRC once per week, did not result in significant (P > 0.05) phytotoxicity relative to a water (0 ppm TRC) treatment. In this study, the application of 100 ppm EO water (pH = 6.3-6.5) twice per week to strawberry plants infected with B. cinerea was more effective (P ≤ 0.05) than a once per week Captan application and as effective as a once per week captan/once per week EO treatment. The once per week captan/once per week EO treatment was significantly more effective (P ≤ 0.05) than the captan once per week treatment. Dip treatments of strawberries in near neutral EO solutions (50 and 100 ppm TRC; pH = 6.3-6.5) did not leave a chlorine residue on the fruit relative to a water dip. The results from this study suggest that near neutral EO solutions could be used to manage infection of B. cinerea on strawberry plants in the field and also as a disinfection solution for harvesting equipment, greenhouses, packing houses and in commercial facilities to prevent or manage infections of B. cinerea and M. fructicola.  相似文献   

Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE     

modENCODE Consortium  Roy S  Ernst J  Kharchenko PV  Kheradpour P  Negre N  Eaton ML  Landolin JM  Bristow CA  Ma L  Lin MF  Washietl S  Arshinoff BI  Ay F  Meyer PE  Robine N  Washington NL  Di Stefano L  Berezikov E  Brown CD  Candeias R  Carlson JW  Carr A  Jungreis I  Marbach D  Sealfon R  Tolstorukov MY  Will S  Alekseyenko AA  Artieri C  Booth BW  Brooks AN  Dai Q  Davis CA  Duff MO  Feng X  Gorchakov AA  Gu T  Henikoff JG  Kapranov P  Li R  MacAlpine HK  Malone J  Minoda A  Nordman J  Okamura K  Perry M  Powell SK  Riddle NC  Sakai A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6012):1787-1797

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Partitioning of glutenin flour of special wheat using aqueous two-phase systems     

Ingrid Silva Barberino do Nascimento  Jane Sélia dos Reis Coimbra  João Paulo Martins  Luis Henrique Mendes da Silva  Renata Cristina Ferreira Bonomo  Mônica Ribeiro Pirozzi  Aline Cinquini 《Journal of Cereal Science》2010

The partitioning behavior of the glutenin proteins was evaluated in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) formed by sulfate salts (lithium or sodium) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with average molar mass of 1500 g mol⁻¹ or 4000 g mol⁻¹. The partition coefficients for the glutenin proteins in each ATPS were investigated as a function of the temperature (278.2 K–318.2 K), tie line length (TLL) and electrolyte nature. In all ATPS, the majority of glutenin proteins spontaneously concentrate in the polymer-rich phase (K_p > 1). The partition coefficient is very dependent on the salt nature and the ATPS formed by PEG + lithium sulfate presents higher K_p values as compared with the ATPS formed PEG + sodium sulfate. An increase of molar mass of polymer promotes a decrease of K_p. Thermodynamic parameters of transfer (Δ_trG, Δ_trH and Δ_trS) were obtained by the application of the Van’t Hoff equation (VHE). The values obtained by VHE indicate that the transfer of glutenin proteins to the polymer-rich phase has an enthalpic origin.  相似文献