Indigenous wealth and development: micro–credit schemes in Tonga     

Jane C. Horan 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2002,43(2):205-221

‘Women in Development’ aid–funded credit schemes in the Kingdom of Tonga were designated as ‘failures’ by the funders because the recipient groups of textile producers, who were meant to be engaging in commercial handicraft production as development, were instead making and seemingly ‘retaining’ textile koloa (indigenous wealth). It is my contention that rather than making low–valued, low–priced textiles for tourist consumption the women made koloa textiles for the Tongan ceremonial economy where a greater range of ideological, spiritual and material gains including cash were available to them. Even though the default rate on the loans was low, and the women were engaged in a Tongan notion of development known as fakalakalaka, the funders and the critics of the schemes were either unable to or would not recognise development taking place, so driven by macroeconomic indices were their criteria and assessment. This paper looks at the implications of this disjuncture and the funders’ lack of understanding (and/or rejection) of indigenous global economic systems and hybrid notions of development inherent in the women textile producers’ actions. It explores a contemporary reality where indigenous wealth is thriving in the global economy, contributes to the literature on hybrid economic systems and challenges macroeconomically driven development policy in the Pacific.  相似文献   

A role for Snf2-related nucleosome-spacing enzymes in genome-wide nucleosome organization     

Gkikopoulos T  Schofield P  Singh V  Pinskaya M  Mellor J  Smolle M  Workman JL  Barton GJ  Owen-Hughes T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1758-1760

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Environmental science. China to spend billions cleaning up groundwater     

Qiu J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6057):745

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China. Stigma of HIV imperils hard-won strides in saving lives     

Qiu J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6035):1253-1254

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Gender differences and performance in science     

Muller CB  Ride SM  Fouke J  Whitney T  Denton DD  Cantor N  Nelson DJ  Plummer J  Busch-Vishniac I  Meyers C  Rosser SV  Schiebinger L  Roberts E  Burgess D  Beeson C  Metz SS  Sanders L  Watford BA  Ivey ES  Frank Fox M  Wettack S  Klawe M  Wulf WA  Girgus J  Leboy PS  Babco EL  Shanahan B  Didion C  Chubin DE  Frize M  Ganter SL  Nalley EA  Franz J  Abruña HD  Strober MH  Zimmer Daniels J  Carter EA  Rhodes JH  Schrijver I  Zakian VA  Simons B  Martin U  Boaler J  Jolluck KR  Mankekar P  Gray RM  Conkey MW  Stansky P  Xie A  Martin P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5712):1043

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Linking albinism and immunity: the secrets of secretory lysosomes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stinchcombe J  Bossi G  Griffiths GM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5680):55-59

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that are found in all mammalian cells and contain hydrolases and lipases required for protein and membrane degradation. In many cells of the immune system, lysosomes also contain secretory proteins that can be released by regulated exocytosis in response to an external stimulus, providing different cell types with a wide range of effector functions. Melanosomes also use a lysosome-related organelle to secrete melanin for pigmentation. Links between albinism and immunity in patients have uncovered a number of key proteins required for lysosomal secretion and have revealed a versatile secretory mechanism that can be fine-tuned by distinct interactions in different cell types.  相似文献   

Visual discrimination in sharks without optic tectum     

R C Graeber  S O Ebbesson  J A Jane 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,180(84):413-415

After complete removal of the optic tectum, nurse sharks can learn to discriminate black versus white and horizontal versus vertical stripes. This finding is contrary to the traditional belief of exclusive tectal control over visuomotor behavior in lower vertebrates and suggests a role for the telencephalon in the vision of these primitive animals.  相似文献   

Global invasion history of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta     

Ascunce MS  Yang CC  Oakey J  Calcaterra L  Wu WJ  Shih CJ  Goudet J  Ross KG  Shoemaker D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6020):1066-1068

The fire ant Solenopsis invicta is a significant pest that was inadvertently introduced into the southern United States almost a century ago and more recently into California and other regions of the world. An assessment of genetic variation at a diverse set of molecular markers in 2144 fire ant colonies from 75 geographic sites worldwide revealed that at least nine separate introductions of S. invicta have occurred into newly invaded areas and that the main southern U.S. population is probably the source of all but one of these introductions. The sole exception involves a putative serial invasion from the southern United States to California to Taiwan. These results illustrate in stark fashion a severe negative consequence of an increasingly massive and interconnected global trade and travel system.  相似文献   

The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma     

Parsons DW  Li M  Zhang X  Jones S  Leary RJ  Lin JC  Boca SM  Carter H  Samayoa J  Bettegowda C  Gallia GL  Jallo GI  Binder ZA  Nikolsky Y  Hartigan J  Smith DR  Gerhard DS  Fults DW  VandenBerg S  Berger MS  Marie SK  Shinjo SM  Clara C  Phillips PC  Minturn JE  Biegel JA  Judkins AR  Resnick AC  Storm PB  Curran T  He Y  Rasheed BA  Friedman HS  Keir ST  McLendon R  Northcott PA  Taylor MD  Burger PC  Riggins GJ  Karchin R  Parmigiani G  Bigner DD  Yan H  Papadopoulos N  Vogelstein B  Kinzler KW  Velculescu VE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6016):435-439

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of children. To identify the genetic alterations in this tumor type, we searched for copy number alterations using high-density microarrays and sequenced all known protein-coding genes and microRNA genes using Sanger sequencing in a set of 22 MBs. We found that, on average, each tumor had 11 gene alterations, fewer by a factor of 5 to 10 than in the adult solid tumors that have been sequenced to date. In addition to alterations in the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, our analysis led to the discovery of genes not previously known to be altered in MBs. Most notably, inactivating mutations of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase genes MLL2 or MLL3 were identified in 16% of MB patients. These results demonstrate key differences between the genetic landscapes of adult and childhood cancers, highlight dysregulation of developmental pathways as an important mechanism underlying MBs, and identify a role for a specific type of histone methylation in human tumorigenesis.  相似文献   

Methods for Characterization of Residual Starch in Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)     

Sathaporn Srichuwong  Jay‐lin Jane 《Cereal Chemistry》2011,88(3):278-282

The objective of this study was to establish methods for determining the content and components of residual starch in distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct from dry‐grind corn ethanol production. Four DDGS prepared in our laboratory and one DDGS obtained from a commercial ethanol manufacturer were used for the study. Quantitative analysis of total residual sugar (TRS) in DDGS was performed by determining d ‐glucose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and residual starch remaining in hexane‐defatted DDGS after being dispersed in 90% DMSO. The TRS consisted of free glucose, oligosaccharides, and residual starch. The commercial manufacturer's DDGS contained more TRS (15.8%, w/w db) than the laboratory‐processed DDGS (2.4–2.9%, w/w db). The content of residual starch remaining in the commercial DDGS (5.5% w/w db) was also larger than the laboratory‐processed DDGS (1.9–2.5% w/w db). Analyses of molecular weight distribution showed that the residual starch in DDGS consisted of short‐chain amylose and amylopectin, respectively, as the major and minor components. The short‐chain amylose molecules constituted 86.5–94.1% of the residual starch. The major population of the short‐chain amyloses had an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 85, closely resembling the length of enzyme‐resistant fragments of amylose‐lipid complexes.  相似文献