A generic framework to assess the representation and protection of benthic ecosystems in European marine protected areas     

Clare Greathead  Paolo Magni  Jan Vanaverbeke  Lene Buhl‐Mortensen  Urszula Janas  Mats Blomqvist  Johan A. Craeymeersch  Jennifer Dannheim  Alexander Darr  Steven Degraer  Nicolas Desroy  Annick Donnay  Yessica Griffiths  Ivan Guala  Laurent Guerin  Hayley Hinchen  Celine Labrune  Henning Reiss  Gert Van Hoey  Silvana N.R. Birchenough 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(7):1253-1275

1. There is concern across the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) region that a consideration of vulnerable components and the wider support mechanisms underpinning benthic marine ecosystems may be lacking from the process of marine protected area (MPA) designation, management and monitoring.
2. In this study, MPAs across six European ecoregions were assessed from a benthic ecology perspective. The study included 102 MPAs, designated by 10 countries, and focused on three aspects regarding the role of the benthos in: (i) the designation of MPAs; (ii) the management measures used in MPAs; and (iii) the monitoring and assessment of MPAs.
3. Qualitative entries to a questionnaire based on an existing framework (EU project ‘Monitoring Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas’, (MESMA) were collected by 19 benthic experts of the ICES Benthic Ecology Working Group. A pedigree matrix was used to apply a numerical scale (score) to these entries.
4. The results showed clear differences in scores between ecoregions and between criteria. The designation‐phase criteria generally achieved higher scores than the implementation‐phase criteria. Poor designation‐phase scores were generally reiterated in the implementation‐phase scores, such as scores for assessment and monitoring.
5. Over 70% of the MPA case studies were found to consider the benthos to some extent during selection and designation; however, this was not followed up with appropriate management measures and good practice during the implementation phase.
6. Poor spatial and temporal coverage of monitoring and ineffective indicators is unlikely to pick up changes caused by management measures in the MPA. There is concern that without adequate monitoring and adaptive management frameworks, the MPAs will be compromised. Also, there could be an increased likelihood that, with regard to the benthos, they will fail to meet their conservation objectives.
7. This assessment was successful in highlighting issues related to the representation and protection of the benthos in MPAs and where changes need to be made, such as expanding the characterization and monitoring of benthic species or habitats of interest. These issues could be attributable to an ongoing process and/or an indication that some MPAs only have ‘paper protection’.

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Cortisol stimulates intestinal fluid uptake in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the post-smolt stage     

Sean C. Cornell  David M. Portesi  Philip A. Veillette  Kristina Sundell  Jennifer L. Specker 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(3):183-190

The fluid uptake rate of the posterior intestine of salmonids increases during the parr-smolt transformation. Intestinal fluid uptake in post-smolt Atlantic salmon was investigated after treatment with cortisol and growth hormone (GH), alone or together. Two replicate experiments were conducted in August 1991 and August 1992. Cortisol was emulsified in vegetable shortening and vegetable oil (1:1) and implanted into the peritoneal cavity. GH was administered as intraperitoneal injections in a saline vehicle on days 0 and 2. On days 5 and 6, plasma cortisol levels, gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity, andin vitro measurements of fluid transport rate (J_v) across the posterior intestine were measured. Implants of cortisol elevated the plasma cortisol levels within a physiological range, and resulted in elevated gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity, as expected. The fluid uptake rate across the posterior intestine was roughly doubled by cortisol treatment. GH treatment did not affect intestinal fluid transport, gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity, or plasma cortisol concentrations. The seawater-adapting increase in the rate of fluid uptake by the posterior intestine of smolting salmon is probably stimulated by elevated plasma cortisol concentrations.  相似文献   

ACCURACY OF LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING VERSUS RADIOGRAPHY FOR GUIDING INJECTION OF EQUINE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS     

Megan M. Lamb  Jennifer G. Barrett  Nathaniel A. White II  Stephen R. Werre 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2014,55(2):174-181

Desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament is a common cause of lameness in the horse and carries a variable prognosis for soundness. Intralesional treatment has been proposed for improving outcome; however, limited reports describe methods for injecting this ligament. The purpose of this study was to compare accuracy of low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vs. radiography for injecting the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint. Equine cadaver digit pairs (n = 10) were divided by random assignment to injection of the ligament by either technique. An observer unaware of injection technique determined injection success based on postinjection MRI and/or gross sections acquired from the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the ligament. McNemar's test was performed to determine statistical difference between injection techniques, the number of injection attempts, and injection of the medial or lateral collateral ligament. Magnetic resonance imaging guided injection was successful more frequently than radiographic‐guided injection based on postinjection MRI (24 of 30 vs. 9 of 30; P = 0.0006) and gross sections (26 of 30 vs. 13 of 30; P = 0.0008). At each level of the ligament (proximal, middle, and distal), MRI‐guided injection resulted in more successful injections than radiographic guidance. Statistical significance occurred at the proximal aspect of the collateral ligament based on postinjection MRI (P = 0.0143) and the middle portion of the ligament based on gross sections (P = 0.0253). Findings supported future testing of standing, low‐field MRI as a technique for delivering intralesional regenerative therapy in live horses with desmopathy of these collateral ligaments.  相似文献   

Contrast‐enhanced multidetector computed tomography to diagnose pulmonary thromboembolism in an awake dog with pyothorax     

Thandeka R. Ngwenyama DVM  Jennifer M. Herring DVM  DACVECC  Mauria O'Brien DVM  DACVECC  Susan K. Hartman RTCT  Kimberly A. Galloway DVM  Robert T. O'Brien MS  DVM  DACVR 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2014,24(6):731-738

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Cancer proliferation gene discovery through functional genomics     

Schlabach MR  Luo J  Solimini NL  Hu G  Xu Q  Li MZ  Zhao Z  Smogorzewska A  Sowa ME  Ang XL  Westbrook TF  Liang AC  Chang K  Hackett JA  Harper JW  Hannon GJ  Elledge SJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5863):620-624

Retroviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated genetic screens in mammalian cells are powerful tools for discovering loss-of-function phenotypes. We describe a highly parallel multiplex methodology for screening large pools of shRNAs using half-hairpin barcodes for microarray deconvolution. We carried out dropout screens for shRNAs that affect cell proliferation and viability in cancer cells and normal cells. We identified many shRNAs to be antiproliferative that target core cellular processes, such as the cell cycle and protein translation, in all cells examined. Moreover, we identified genes that are selectively required for proliferation and survival in different cell lines. Our platform enables rapid and cost-effective genome-wide screens to identify cancer proliferation and survival genes for target discovery. Such efforts are complementary to the Cancer Genome Atlas and provide an alternative functional view of cancer cells.  相似文献   

Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Hübner K  Fuhrmann G  Christenson LK  Kehler J  Reinbold R  De La Fuente R  Wood J  Strauss JF  Boiani M  Schöler HR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5623):1251-1256

Continuation of mammalian species requires the formation and development of the sexually dimorphic germ cells. Cultured embryonic stem cells are generally considered pluripotent rather than totipotent because of the failure to detect germline cells under differentiating conditions. Here we show that mouse embryonic stem cells in culture can develop into oogonia that enter meiosis, recruit adjacent cells to form follicle-like structures, and later develop into blastocysts. Oogenesis in culture should contribute to various areas, including nuclear transfer and manipulation of the germ line, and advance studies on fertility treatment and germ and somatic cell interaction and differentiation.  相似文献   

Exome sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals inactivating mutations in NOTCH1     

Agrawal N  Frederick MJ  Pickering CR  Bettegowda C  Chang K  Li RJ  Fakhry C  Xie TX  Zhang J  Wang J  Zhang N  El-Naggar AK  Jasser SA  Weinstein JN  Treviño L  Drummond JA  Muzny DM  Wu Y  Wood LD  Hruban RH  Westra WH  Koch WM  Califano JA  Gibbs RA  Sidransky D  Vogelstein B  Velculescu VE  Papadopoulos N  Wheeler DA  Kinzler KW  Myers JN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6046):1154-1157

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. To explore the genetic origins of this cancer, we used whole-exome sequencing and gene copy number analyses to study 32 primary tumors. Tumors from patients with a history of tobacco use had more mutations than did tumors from patients who did not use tobacco, and tumors that were negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) had more mutations than did HPV-positive tumors. Six of the genes that were mutated in multiple tumors were assessed in up to 88 additional HNSCCs. In addition to previously described mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, and HRAS, we identified mutations in FBXW7 and NOTCH1. Nearly 40% of the 28 mutations identified in NOTCH1 were predicted to truncate the gene product, suggesting that NOTCH1 may function as a tumor suppressor gene rather than an oncogene in this tumor type.  相似文献   

Questions you should ask when feeding your horse     

Jennifer A. Wrigley  CVT 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013

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Nasal Shedding of Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 and Type 4 in Hospitalized,Febrile Horses     

Jennifer M. SonisLutz S. Goehring  DVM  MS  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of shedding of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) or EHV-4 in nasal swab samples from any febrile, hospitalized horses during a 1-year period. It was hypothesized that some fevers in horses are associated with viral replication following recrudescence of latent virus or following a horizontal viral infection prior to or during admission to a referral hospital. During the observational period, nasal swab samples were collected from 64 febrile and 10 nonfebrile hospitalized horses. Routine DNA extraction was performed, and a validated quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was used to detect and quantify genomic EHV-1 and -4 DNA. Genomic DNA of EHV-4 was detected in the nasal swab specimen of 1 of 64 febrile horses. EHV-1 DNA was not detected in any of the febrile horses. Samples from all nonfebrile horses were negative for both viruses. Considering the known association between fever and shedding of EHV-1 and EHV-4, we anticipated finding a higher percentage of PCR-positive samples from febrile patients. Fevers detected were likely a result of active disease processes for which the horses were hospitalized; concurrent other diseases appeared not to affect viral recrudescence. Further studies are warranted to examine frequency and factors of EHV latency and reactivation.  相似文献   

Epidemiology,molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus,an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe     

Virginie Doceul  Estelle Lara  Corinne Sailleau  Guillaume Belbis  Jennifer Richardson  Emmanuel Bréard  Cyril Viarouge  Morgane Dominguez  Pascal Hendrikx  Didier Calavas  Alexandra Desprat  Jér?me Languille  Lo?c Comtet  Philippe Pourquier  Jean-Fran?ois Eléou?t  Bernard Delmas  Philippe Marianneau  Damien Vitour  Stéphan Zientara 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):31

After the unexpected emergence of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in northern Europe in 2006, another arbovirus, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), emerged in Europe in 2011 causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. The virus, belonging to the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family, was first detected in Germany, in The Netherlands and in Belgium in 2011 and soon after in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Denmark and Switzerland. This review describes the current knowledge on the emergence, epidemiology, clinical signs, molecular virology and diagnosis of SBV infection.  相似文献