Haptoglobin and pig-major acute protein are increased in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)     

Segalés J  Piñeiro C  Lampreave F  Nofrarías M  Mateu E  Calsamiglia M  Andrés M  Morales J  Piñeiro M  Domingo M 《Veterinary research》2004,35(3):275-282

The objective of this study was to determine the serum concentration levels of selected acute phase proteins (APP), haptoglobin (HPT) and pig-major acute phase protein (pig-MAP), in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected pigs and PCV2-subclinically infected pigs. In a first study, a group of 15 eight-week-old conventional pigs from a PMWS affected farm were bled and a complete necropsy, histopathology and in situ hybridisation to detect PCV2 were performed. Based on the results, pigs were classified as suffering from PMWS (n = 10) or healthy animals (n = 5). In a second study, a group of 45 pigs from another PMWS affected farm were selected and bled at 3, 7, 12 and 28 weeks of age. The assessment of PCV2 infection status in these pigs was retrospectively done by PCV2 PCR in serum samples. Selected APP were measured in the serum of all studied pigs by means of radial immunodiffusion. Mean HPT and pig-MAP levels were significantly increased (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0006 respectively) in PMWS-affected pigs when compared to levels found in healthy pigs (2.52 +/- 0.88 mg/mL vs. 1.06 +/- 0.73 mg/mL for HPT and 3.81 +/- 1.53 mg/mL vs. 0.76 +/- 0.34 mg/mL for pig-MAP). In the second study, no significant difference in mean HPT and pig-MAP values were observed between PCV2 PCR positive and negative pigs of any age. However, both APP increased significantly with age in PCV2 PCR negative pigs. Altogether, the present results suggest that APP levels are significantly increased in pigs that develop PMWS, but not in animals with a PCV2 subclinical infection.  相似文献   

Reproductive social behavior: cooperative games to replace sexual selection     

Roughgarden J  Oishi M  Akçay E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5763):965-969

Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments.  相似文献   

Influence of micro-oxygenation treatment before oak aging on phenolic compounds composition, astringency, and color of red wine     

Llaudy Mdel C  Canals R  González-Manzano S  Canals JM  Santos-Buelga C  Zamora F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(12):4246-4252

Micro-oxygenation is usually applied to red wines as a cheaper alternative to oak aging. It has been suggested, however, that micro-oxygenation can also be used to complement oak aging in order to improve the quality of very astringent and herbaceous red wines. In this paper we study how applying the micro-oxygenation technique before oak aging affects the composition and quality of astringent red wines. When this technique is applied prior to oak aging, the wines have a slightly less intense red color and significantly higher levels of combined and free anthocyanins and ethyl-bridged anthocyanin-flavanol pigments. On the other hand, no differences in other newly formed pigments are found. Applying micro-oxygenation before oak aging does not affect the total proanthocyanidin concentration, but it produces wines with a slightly (though significantly) higher mean degree of proanthocyanidin polymerization and a drastically lower astringency. These wines also present a clearer impact of wood aromas.  相似文献   

Ethnicity and conflict: theory and facts     

Esteban J  Mayoral L  Ray D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6083):858-865

Over the second half of the 20th century, conflicts within national boundaries became increasingly dominant. One-third of all countries experienced civil conflict. Many (if not most) such conflicts involved violence along ethnic lines. On the basis of recent theoretical and empirical research, we provide evidence that preexisting ethnic divisions do influence social conflict. Our analysis also points to particular channels of influence. Specifically, we show that two different measures of ethnic division--polarization and fractionalization--jointly influence conflict, the former more so when the winners enjoy a "public" prize (such as political power or religious hegemony), the latter more so when the prize is "private" (such as looted resources, government subsidies, or infrastructures). The available data appear to strongly support existing theories of intergroup conflict. Our argument also provides indirect evidence that ethnic conflicts are likely to be instrumental, rather than driven by primordial hatreds.  相似文献   

Unraveling the life history of successful invaders   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D Sol  J Maspons  M Vall-Llosera  I Bartomeus  GE García-Peña  J Piñol  RP Freckleton 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6094):580-583

Despite considerable current interest in biological invasions, the common life-history characteristics of successful invaders remain elusive. The widely held hypothesis that successful invaders have high reproductive rates has received little empirical support; however, alternative possibilities are seldom considered. Combining a global comparative analysis of avian introductions (>2700 events) with demographic models and phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that although rapid population growth may be advantageous during invasions under certain circumstances, more generally successful invaders are characterized by life-history strategies in which they give priority to future rather than current reproduction. High future breeding expectations reduce the costs of reproductive failure under uncertain conditions and increase opportunities to explore the environment and respond to novel ecological pressures.  相似文献   

The 9th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium     

JK Lunney  C Kai  S Inumaru  T Onodera 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,147(1-2):1-5

The orchestrated migration of T lymphocytes is important for generating immunity and maintaining immunological tolerance. T lymphocytes can be divided into two populations, αβ T cells and γδ T cells, on the basis of their expression of different forms of the T cell receptor (TCR). γδ T cells represent an innate subset of T lymphocytes that play an important role in early immune response against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. γδ T cells are abundant in the epithelial tissues. In ruminants and pigs, they constitute a major proportion of the blood lymphocyte pool, unlike in rodents and humans. Although recent studies using large animals have suggested that epithelial γδ T cells are the major source of γδ T cells in peripheral blood, and that they recirculate between epithelial tissues and blood via lymphatics, the migration pattern of these cells is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on γδ T cell migration under steady-state conditions. A deeper understanding of γδ T cell migration may enable therapeutic modulation of innate immune responses.  相似文献   

Occurrence of the Microcystins MC-LW and MC-LF in Dutch Surface Waters and Their Contribution to Total Microcystin Toxicity     

Elisabeth J. Faassen  Miquel Lürling 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2643-2654

Microcystins (MCs) are the most frequently found cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater systems. Many MC variants have been identified and variants differ in their toxicity. Recent studies showed that the variants MC-LW and MC-LF might be more toxic than MC-LR, the variant that is most abundant and mostly used for risk assessments. As little is known about the presence of these two variants in The Netherlands, we determined their occurrence by analyzing 88 water samples and 10 scum samples for eight MC variants ((dm-7-)MC-RR, MC-YR, (dm-7-)MC-LR, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. All analyzed MC variants were detected, and MC-LW and/or MC-LF were present in 32% of the MC containing water samples. When MC-LW and MC-LF were present, they contributed to nearly 10% of the total MC concentrations, but due to their suspected high toxicity, their average contribution to the total MC toxicity was estimated to be at least 45%. Given the frequent occurrence and possible high toxicity of MC-LW and MC-LF, it seems better to base health risk assessments on the toxicity contributions of different MC variants than on MC-LR concentrations alone.  相似文献   

An outbreak of polio-encephalomalacia in cobalt-deficient sheep     

W.J. Hartley M.R.C.V.S.  Joan C. Kater B.V.Sc.  E.D. Andrews M.Sc. A.N.Z.I.C. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):118-120

Extract

A great deal of evidence has now accumulated that immunity to helminth infection is acquired following natural exposure. Although this immunity is not absolute, animals that have been exposed to infection and survived are able to tolerate a much heavier intake of infective larvae than animals that have never been exposed.  相似文献   

Spatial variability in commercial orange groves. Part 2: relating canopy geometry to soil attributes and historical yield     

Colaço  André F.  Molin  José P.  Rosell-Polo  Joan R.  Escolà  Alexandre 《Precision Agriculture》2019,20(4):805-822

Precision Agriculture - Site-specific management strategies are usually dependant on the understanding of the underlying cause and effect relationships that occur at the within-field level. The...  相似文献   

The distribution of volatile isoprenoids in the soil horizons around Pinus halepensis trees     

Dolores Asensio  Susan M. Owen  Joan Llusi  Josep Peuelas 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(12):2937-2947

We measured the terpene concentration in pentane and water extracts from soil horizons (litter, organic, top and low mineral) and from roots growing in top and low mineral horizons on a distance gradient from Pinus halepensis L. trees growing alone on a grassland. Terpene concentrations in pentane were higher than in water extracts, although β-caryophyllene showed relatively high solubility in water. The litter and roots were important sources of terpenes in soil. Alpha-pinene dominated in roots growing in both “top” (A1) and “low” (B) mineral horizons (123 ± 36 μg g⁻¹ or 14 ± 5 mg m⁻²) and roots in low mineral horizon (270 ± 91 μg g⁻¹ or 7 ± 2 mg m⁻²). Beta-caryophyllene dominated in litter (1469 ± 331 μg g⁻¹ or 2004 ± 481 mg m⁻²). Terpene concentration in soil decreased with increasing distance to the trunk. This is likely to be related to changes in litter and roots type on the distance gradient from pine to grass and herbs. The relative contributions of all compounds, except α-pinene, were similar in the mineral soils and litter. This suggests that litter of P. halepensis is probably the main source of major terpene compounds. However, long-term emissions of α-pinene from P. halepensis roots might also contribute to α-pinene concentrations in rhizosphere soils.  相似文献