Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses     

Parra-Sanchez A  Lugo J  Boothe DM  Gaughan EM  Hanson RR  Duran S  Belknap JK 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(10):1687-1695

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional IV limb perfusion (RILP) in standing horses. ANIMALS: 14 adult horses. PROCEDURES: Standing horses (7 horses/group) received either enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) or amikacin (250 mg) via RILP (involving tourniquet application) in 1 forelimb. Samples of interstitial fluid (collected via implanted capillary ultrafiltration devices) from the bone marrow (BMIF) of the third metacarpal bone and overlying subcutaneous tissues (STIF), blood, and synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint were collected prior to (time 0) and at intervals after tourniquet release for determination of drug concentrations. For pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 microg/mL (amikacin) and 0.5 microg/mL (enrofloxacin) were applied. RESULTS: After RILP with enrofloxacin, 3 horses developed vasculitis. The highest synovial fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin and amikacin were detected at time 0; median values (range) were 13.22 microg/mL (0.254 to 167.9 microg/mL) and 26.2 microg/mL (5.78 to 50.0 microg/mL), respectively. Enrofloxacin concentrations exceeded MIC for approximately 24 hours in STIF and synovial fluid and for 36 hours in BMIF. After perfusion of amikacin, concentrations greater than the MIC were not detected in any samples. Effective therapeutic concentrations of enrofloxacin were attained in all samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses with orthopedic infections, RILP of enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) should be considered as a treatment option. However, care must be taken during administration. A dose of amikacin > 250 mg is recommended to attain effective tissue concentrations via RILP in standing horses.  相似文献   

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin     

Urbaneja A  González-Cabrera J  Arnó J  Gabarra R 《Pest management science》2012,68(9):1215-1222

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Alcohol-facilitated ankylosis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses with osteoarthritis     

Carmalt JL  Bell CD  Panizzi L  Wolker RR  Lanovaz JL  Bracamonte JL  Wilson DG 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2012,240(2):199-204

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Phenotypic characterization of the population of creole wool ewes in the highlands of Puebla State, Mexico     

Samuel Vargas-López  Juan de Dios Guerrero-Rodríguez  Joel Rojas-álvarez  ángel Bustamante-González 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(8):1833-1839

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Ecological Site Development: Accelerating the Effort     

Jamin Johanson  Joel Brown 《Herpetological Monographs》2012,34(2):29-31

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Effect of spatial scale of soil data on estimates of soil ecosystem services: Case study in 100 km2 area in France     

Ottone Scammacca  Ophélie Sauzet  Joel Michelin  Pauline Choquet  Patricia Garnier  Benoit Gabrielle  Philippe C. Baveye  David Montagne 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(2):e13359

Over the last decade, the ecosystem services (ESs) framework has been increasingly used to support mapping and assessment studies for sustainable land management purposes. Previous analysis of practical applications has revealed the significance of the spatial scale at which input data are obtained. This issue is particularly problematic with soil data that are often unavailable or available only at coarse scales or resolutions in various part of the world. In this context, four soil-based ecosystem services, namely biomass provision, water provision, global climate regulation, and water quality regulation, are assessed using three conventional soil maps at the 1:1,000,000, 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 scales. The resulting individual and joint ES maps are then compared to examine the effects of changing the spatial scale of soil data on the ES levels and spatial patterns. ES levels are finally aggregated to landforms, land use, or administrative levels in order to try to identify the determinants of the sensitivity of ES levels to change in the scale of input soil data. Whereas the three soil maps turn out to be equally useful whenever ESs levels averaged over the whole 100 km² territory are needed, the maps at the 1:1,000,000 and 1:250,000 induced biases in the assessment of ESs levels over spatial units smaller than 100 and 10 km², respectively. The simplification of the diversity and spatial distribution of soils at the two coarsest scales indeed resulted in local differences in ES levels ranging from several 10 to several 100%. Identification of the optimal representation of soil diversity and distribution to obtain a reliable representation of ESs spatial distribution is not straightforward. The ESs sensitivity to scale effect is indeed context-specific, variable among individual ESs, and not directly or simply linked with the soil typological diversity represented in soil maps. Forested and natural lands in the study area appear particularly sensitive to soil data scales as they occupy marginal soils showing very specific ESs signatures.  相似文献   

Effects of edaphic conditions on site quality for Salix purpurea ‘Hotel’ plantations across a large climatic gradient in Canada     

Joel Ens  Richard E. Farrell  Nicolas Bélanger 《New Forests》2013,44(6):899-918

Willow has been identified as a possible species for supplying large quantities of biomass for bioenergy and wood fibers in Canada. However, before site selection occurs, there is a need to know how the soils and climate of the prairies and central regions affect willow productivity. Soil, foliar, and climatic variables were therefore measured along with yields at nine “first rotation” Salix purpurea ‘Hotel’ plantations from central Alberta to southern Ontario. Correlation analysis was used to identify those parameters having the most influence on yields. Relationships between soil and climate and growth were established by regression analysis. The acid–base status of the soil as dictated by bulk elemental composition, in particular the presence of Ca, was found to be the dominant factor affecting productivity (r = 0.967, P < 0.001 total Ca vs. yields) despite large regional differences in climate. From a nutritional standpoint, total soil N (r = 0.743, P = 0.048) and foliar K (r = 0.938, P = 0.009 for sites with adequate moisture) were positively correlated with growth. S. purpurea ‘Hotel’ yields were found to be primarily limited by water availability at the two lowest productivity prairie sites. Soil total Ca concentration, pH and total organic C concentration were all generally correlated with higher yields. Additional deficiencies appeared in the following order of importance: water > N and K > Mg. As a whole, soil properties were the dominant predictors of ‘Hotel’ growth in this study, which suggests that, even at the regional scale, growth was governed in large part by the capacity of soils to retain water and/or nutrients. Climate played a lesser role, except perhaps at two sites which appeared to receive inadequate moisture.  相似文献   

Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Assessment of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies     

Linda A. Joyce  David D. Briske  Joel R. Brown  H. Wayne Polley  Bruce A. McCarl  Derek W. Bailey 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2013,66(5):512-528

Recent climatic trends and climate model projections indicate that climate change will modify rangeland ecosystem functions and the services and livelihoods that they provision. Recent history has demonstrated that climatic variability has a strong influence on both ecological and social components of rangeland systems and that these systems possess substantial capacity to adapt to climatic variability. Specific objectives of this synthesis are to: 1) evaluate options to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and future climate change; 2) survey actions that individuals, enterprises, and social organizations can use to adapt to climate change; and 3) assess options for system transformation when adaptation is no longer sufficient to contend with climate change. Mitigation for carbon sequestration does not appear economically viable, given the small and highly variable carbon dioxide fluxes of rangeland ecosystems and the high transaction costs that would be incurred. In contrast, adaptation strategies are numerous and provide a means to manage risks associated with climate change. Adaptation strategies are diverse, including altered risk perception by individuals, greater flexibility of production enterprises, and modifications to social organizations that emphasize climatic variability, rather than consistency. Many adaptations represent “no regrets” actions because their implementation can be justified without emphasis on pending climate change. Adaptations specific to livestock production systems can include flexible herd management, alternative livestock breeds or species, innovative pest management, modified enterprise structures, and geographic relocation. Social-ecological systems in which adaptation is insufficient to counter the adverse consequences of climate change might undergo transformative change to produce alternative ecosystem services, production enterprises, and livelihoods. The rangeland profession is in a pivotal position to provide leadership on this global challenge because it represents the intersection of management and scientific knowledge, includes diverse stakeholders who derive their livelihoods from rangelands, and interacts with organizations responsible for rangeland stewardship.  相似文献   

美国目前和未来的保育猪饲养方案     

Bob Goodband  Jon Bergstrom  Mike Tokach  Joel DeRouchey  Steve Dritz  Jim Nelssen 《饲料工业》2013,(12)

在过去的20年内美国的猪产业发生了翻天覆地的变化。多址生产系统对畜群的健康和控制断奶仔猪链产生了极大的作用。然而一个成功的断奶仔猪营养方案其基本原则对于任何日龄断奶的仔猪来讲都是相似的。可以归纳成三点：①在断奶时,仔猪尽可能的体重大;②尽可能快的将日粮从复合日粮转化为简单日粮;③重点关注保育仔猪管理。此外,在美国过去的10年通过遗传选育的手段,使窝产仔数大约增加了1.5头,仔猪断奶的日龄也相应地增加到平均为19~23 d。当每头母猪产仔数增加以后,由于初生活仔数的增加,有更多体重轻的仔猪出生,这将是生产者所面临的挑战。因此,对生产者来说,了解影响初生体重轻的仔猪一生的生产性能以及收益的因素是非常必要的。  相似文献   

Differences in body temperature, cell viability, and HSP-70 concentrations between Pelibuey and Suffolk sheep under heat stress   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rosita Denny Romero  Arnulfo Montero Pardo  Hugo Horacio Montaldo  Ana Delia Rodríguez  Joel Hernández Cerón 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(8):1691-1696

Pelibuey and Suffolk sheep were compared as to their capacity to regulate body temperature under environmental hyperthermia by measuring their differences in cellular response to heat stress (HS). In a first experiment, seven Pelibuey and seven Suffolk ewes were kept in a climatic chamber for 6 h daily during 10 days (temperatures within the 18 to 39.5 °C range). As chamber temperature rose, sheep rectal temperature increased in both groups, but to a lesser extent in Pelibuey (0.3 °C) than in Suffolk sheep (0.7 °C) (P?<?0.05). In a second experiment, cellular viability was assessed using cultured blood mononuclear cells from 15 Pelibuey and 15 Suffolk sheep. They were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h (control) or 43 °C for 6 h followed by 18 h at 37 °C (HS). In a third experiment, another blood mononuclear cells culture from eight Pelibuey and eight Suffolk sheep was kept at 37 °C for 15 h; these were subsequently cultured for 6 h at 37 °C (controls) or 43 °C (HS). Next, HSP-70 concentration was determined. HS reduced the percentage of viable cells to a greater extent in Suffolk [37 °C (73.7 %) vs. 43 °C (61.9 %); P?<?0.05] than in Pelibuey sheep [37 °C (74.9 %) vs. 43 °C (66.7 %); P?>?0.05]. HS significantly increased HSP-70 average concentrations for both breeds at 43 °C. A significant effect was observed for the breed by temperature interaction (P?<?0.05) caused by a greater difference between Pelibuey and Suffolk at 43 °C (2.85 vs. 0.53 ng/mL, respectively; P?<?0.05) than at 37 °C (0.05 vs. 0.03 ng/mL, respectively; P?>?0.05). In conclusion, Pelibuey sheep show more effective body temperature regulation under conditions of environmental hyperthermia. Also, cell viability after HS was higher in Pelibuey than in Suffolk, an effect that could be mediated by an HSP-70-related mechanism.  相似文献