Node inoculation: A quick and easy technique to screen pigeonpea for resistance to Phytophthora blight     

R. Chand  Chandra Kant Singh  V. Singh  J. Singh  M. Sharma 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2017,83(6):362-365

The petiole on pigeonpea was removed for easy, precise inoculation of node with Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani. After node inoculation, 96.0% plants were infected compared with 89.0% after stem-cut inoculation. Among various nodes inoculated on 30-day-old plants, the 5th node had the greatest relative susceptibility (90.0%), followed by the 3rd node (78.0%). This technique was validated on different cultivars (ICP 7119, Bahar, MA 6 and MAL 13), and 586 lines were successfully screened in the field, confirming the rapidity and effectiveness of the technique for resistance screening.  相似文献   

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Diversity in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Under Arid Agroecosystems     

Neelam Verma  Jagadish Chandra Tarafdar  Krishna Kant Srivastava  Jitendra Panwar 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2008,7(6)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) were assessed for their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, one species of Entrophospora, two species of Gigaspora, twenty-one species of Glomus, seven species of Sclerocystis and three species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these six genera, Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus aggregatum, and Glomus mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting Prosopis cineraria. Acaulospora, G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. A maximum of thirty-six AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Jodhpur, whereas only thirteen species were found from Jaisalmer. Spores of Glomus fasciculatum were found to be most abundant under Prosopis cineraria.  相似文献   

Water Cover Technology for Reactive Tailings Management: A Case Study of Field Measurement and Model Predictions     

Laxmi Kant Kachhwal  Ernest K. Yanful  Lisa Lanteigne 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,214(1-4):357-382

Environmentally safe disposal of sulfide-rich reactive mine tailings is one of the major challenges facing the mining industry in Canada, Scandinavia, USA, and many other parts of the world. Placing tailings under a water cover is one of the effective methods to reduce the influx of oxygen to the tailings. Wind-induced turbulence and subsequent resuspension of the tailings, however, are major concerns with this approach. In this paper, a study of wind-induced resuspension at the Shebandowan tailings storage facility, northwestern Ontario, Canada, is discussed. The study compares computer modeling of required water cover depths and resuspended tailings concentrations to observed field data. The calculated minimum water cover depths required to eliminate resuspension were found to be higher than the existing implemented water cover depths in each cell. The predicted resuspended tailings concentrations for the west cell were 6?C22?mg/l with an average value of 15?mg/l and, for the east cell, 1?C10?mg/l, with an average of 6.0?mg/l. In comparison, optical backscatter sensors, deployed in situ, recorded average resuspended tailings concentration up to 25?mg/l, indicating that the model results were similar to the field-measured values. Results from sediment trap measurements did not show any correlation between the amount of resuspended tailings and water cover depth. Sediment traps collect not only sediments eroded and suspended at the location of deployment but also those that have been transported from elsewhere and redeposited at the trap location. The amount of resuspension occurring at Shebandowan does not raise a major concern because discharge from the tailings area is collected and managed before it reports to the final effluent.  相似文献   

Effect of beta-cyclodextrin on aroma release and flavor perception     

Kant A  Linforth RS  Hort J  Taylor AJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(7):2028-2035

Binding and release of volatile compounds to and from beta-cyclodextrin were measured in model aqueous systems using static equilibrium headspace and dynamic headspace dilution. Beta-cyclodextrin decreased the static equilibrium headspace for some volatiles (e.g., ethyl octanoate and decanone) due to binding, but dilution studies demonstrated that binding was readily reversible. Dynamic release of hydrophobic volatile compounds was similar to that observed from emulsions. When beta-cyclodextrin was added to fat free yogurt, the release of a commercial lemon flavoring was modified and was similar to release from a regular fat yogurt. Sensory difference testing confirmed the release results. The data demonstrate that beta-cyclodextrin can be used to modify flavor delivery in both model and real systems; the effects in the latter are sensorially significant.  相似文献   

Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot and blight disease of Ailanthus excelsa in India     

Rama Kant  Pooja Joshi  Maneesh S. Bhandari  Amit Pandey  Shailesh Pandey 《Forest Pathology》2020,50(2)

Alternaria leaf spot of Ailanthus excelsa is generally considered as minor disease in India. Recently, severe disease outbreaks were recorded in the nursery of the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, progeny trial at Jhumpa, Haryana, and in a nearby farm field. Leaf symptoms included small circular, brown, necrotic spots with a chlorotic halo. With severe infections, leaf spots coalesced and resulted in leaf blight. A small‐spored Alternaria with concatenated conidia was isolated consistently from the leaf samples with spot symptoms. Sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (tef‐1α) gene region of two fungal isolates confirmed the species as A. alternata. In detached leaf assays, both isolates produced symptoms similar to those observed on the nursery/field‐grown plants. To validate the detached leaf assay result, pathogenicity was also demonstrated on whole plants in a glasshouse. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re‐isolating A. alternata from the inoculated leaves. This work is the first to confirm that A. alternata is associated with leaf spot and blight disease of A. excelsa in India.  相似文献   

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal （AM） Diversity in Prosopis cineraria （L.） Druce Under Arid Agroecosystems     

Neelam Verma Jagadish Chandra Tarafdar Krishna Kant Srivastava Jitendra Panwar 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2008,7(6)

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Influence of nitrogen and weed management on the productivity of upland rice     

Chandra Vir Singh  Bidhan Chandra Ghosh  Bishwa Nath Mittra  Rama Kant Singh 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(3):466-470

Nitrogen and weeds are two important factors that influence the productivity of rainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in tropical Asia. A low recovery of applied fertilizer N in rainfed uplands is generally associated with high nitrate leaching losses and weed interferences. Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 2002 and 2003 at the research farm of Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India, to determine the response of upland rice to nitrogen applied at 60 kg N ha^–1 as different forms of urea (single pre‐plant application of controlled‐release urea, single pre‐plant application of urea supergranules, and split application of prilled urea with or without basal N) against no N application under three weed‐control regimes (unweeded, pre‐emergence application of butachlor at 1.5 kg a.i. ha^–1 supplemented with one single hand weeding or two hand weedings). The response of rice to applied N varied greatly among the three weed‐control regimes. Across the different N treatments, the application of 60 kg N ha^–1 resulted in a grain‐yield increase above the unfertilized control of only 0.24 Mg ha^–1 in unweeded treatments, whereas yields increased by 1.07 Mg ha^–1 when butachlor application was supplemented with a single hand weeding and by 1.28 Mg ha^–1 with two hand weedings. Among the weed‐control measures, hand weeding twice produced highest grain yield in both years. The comparison of different forms of urea showed that a single pre‐plant application of controlled‐release urea resulted in average grain yields of 1.57 and 1.87 Mg ha^–1 compared to 1.32 and 1.30 Mg ha^–1 in the case of the recommended practice of split‐applied prilled urea in the years 2002 and 2003, respectively. The highest agronomic N use efficiency of 15–20 kg grain per kg N applied and the highest apparent N recovery of 39%–45% were attained with controlled‐release urea, suggesting that this N form is particularly beneficial for upland‐rice cultivation under variable rainfall conditions, provided weeds are controlled.  相似文献   

Diversity of deciduousness and phenological traits of key Indian dry tropical forest trees     

Chandra Prakash Kushwaha  Shri Kant Tripathi  Gopal Shankar Singh  Kaushlendra Pratap Singh 《Annals of Forest Science》2010,67(3):310-310

? In seasonally dry tropical forests deciduousness (leaflessness) is an important strategy of trees to survive in water stress period during summer. Deciduousness is a reflection of interacted effect of seasonal drought, tree characteristics and soil moisture conditions.

? The present study aims to document the diversity in leaf pheno-phases in terms of duration of deciduousness (which is reciprocal to growing season length), wood density, leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf strategy index in 24 important tree species growing in the Vindhyan dry tropical forest in India.

? On the basis of phenological observations, the tree species were categorized into two main groups: leaf exchanging species exhibiting overlapping periods of leaf fall and leaf flush, and deciduous species whose timings of leaf flush and leaf fall differ resulting in a time lag (deciduousness) between the completion of leaf fall and initiation of leaf flush. Presence of wide range of deciduousness duration (from ca. a week to 7 months) among dry tropical trees indicates large variations in their growing season length. In the tree species studied, as the duration of deciduousness increased, leaf flushing period decreased significantly but leaf fall period showed little variation.

? Differing deciduousness in tree species exhibited substantial differences in their leafing (vegetative growth) pattern, as reflected by ratio of durations of leaf flush to leaf fall (leaf strategy index). Across different species, duration of deciduousness was significantly positively correlated with leaf strategy index, and significantly negatively correlated with both wood density and LMA.

? Wide variations in deciduousness, leaf strategy index, wood density and LMA in the 24 species investigated indicate considerable functional diversity in tree species growing in Vindhyan dry tropical region. Variation in seasonal duration of deciduousness among species is reflections of differences in tree functional traits like stem wood density, leaf strategy index and LMA.

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Sequential changes in lactate,isocitrate, and malate dehydrogenases in mice exposed to technical grade hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) and their possible relationship to liver tumors     

Kashyap N. Thakore  Anil B. Karnik  Suresh K. Nigam  Bhadabhai C. Lakkad  Devendra K. Bhatt  Aravinda Babu  Shri Kant Kashyap  Surath K. Chatterjee 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1981,15(3):262-266

Hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) was fed at a 500-ppm-dose level in diet to pure inbred Swiss mice for 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Later BHC was discontinued for 4 months and subsequently the animals were refed BHC for 1 month. The protein, lactate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.27), isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.42), and malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.37) were studied from liver. The liver weight as percentage of body weight was also determined. The results showed an increase in the liver weight/body weight ratio and a decrease in protein and all three enzymes after BHC feeding for the different time intervals. The discontinuation of BHC in the diet resulted in the reversion of values of the above parameters toward the normal and after refeeding BHC for 1 month, the decreased values, as seen after initial BHC feeding, were again observed. This indicates that the changes in the values of lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase are associated with hexachlorocyclohexane feeding in the diet. The significance of these changes is discussed.  相似文献   

Anti-abortion and Fertility Vaccine Potential of Defined Double Deletion (ΔaroAΔhtrA) Mutant (S30) of Salmonella Abortusequi in Equids     

Mudit Chandra  Bhoj Raj Singh  Nagarajan Babu  Ravi Kant Agarwal  Mahtab Z. Siddiqui 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

The present study on defined double deletion (ΔaroAΔhtrA) mutant (S30) of Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusequi evaluated it for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy as a vaccine candidate in equids. The candidate strain was found safe in equids (foals, male and female horses and donkeys, and pregnant and nonpregnant mares) and induced good humoral and cell-mediated immunity on administration through oral route. The strain was not excreted in feces of vaccinated animals. The vaccine candidate administered orally (1 × 10¹¹ cfu per animal) protected mares even after 180 days of inoculation against abortion on challenge with wild-type S. Abortusequi strain whereas in nonvaccinated control, all mares aborted. The vaccination in infertile mares resulted in regaining of fertility in 67%–80% thoroughbred mares at two different breeding farms. Further, the humoral immunity was transferred to foals from vaccinated mothers through colostrum, but no placental transfer was evident. Thus, the vaccine under study may be recommended for use in equids to control S. Abortusequi infection–associated abortions and also to enhance fertility of temporarily infertile mares in endemic areas.  相似文献