Exogenous application of melatonin improves plant resistance to virus infection     

L. Zhao  L. Chen  P. Gu  X. Zhan  Y. Zhang  C. Hou  Z. Wu  Y.-F. Wu  Q.-C. Wang 《Plant pathology》2019,68(7):1287-1295

In this study, melatonin (MEL)-mediated plant resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was examined to study local infection in Nicotiana glutinosa and systemic infection in Solanum lycopersicum. Exogenous application of 100 µm MEL increased anti-virus infection activity to 37.4% in virus-infected N. glutinosa plants. The same treatment significantly reduced relative levels of virus RNA analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres measured by dot-ELISA, and increased the relative expression levels of the PR1 and PR5 genes analysed by qRT-PCR, in virus-infected S. lycopersicum. MEL treatment induced considerable accumulations of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) but did not significantly affect production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the virus-infected S. lycopersicum plants. Transgenic nahG N. tabacum was used to determine whether MEL-induced TMV resistance was dependent on the SA pathway. The results showed that the relative RNA level of the TMV analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres analysed by dot-ELISA were not reduced by the MEL treatment in the nahG transgenic N. tabacum seedlings treated twice with 100 µm MEL. The increased relative expression levels of PR1 and PR5 were greatly reduced when cPTIO, an NO scavenger, was included in the MEL treatment. A working model of MEL-mediated plant resistance to TMV is proposed. MEL-mediated plant resistance to viruses provides a new avenue to control plant viral diseases.  相似文献   

Proteomic analysis of the mango anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides treated with borate highlights distinct mitochondrial response mechanisms     

S. T. He  T. T. Chen  X. B. Xu  Z. K. Zhang  H. C. Song  H. M. Song  L. H. Meng  P. Zhou  X. Q. Shi 《Plant pathology》2019,68(7):1369-1380

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Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China     

N. Jiang  X. L. Fan  C. M. Tian 《Plant pathology》2019,68(6):1132-1145

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β-tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.  相似文献   

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions     

Y Wang  Z W Fan  Y D Shen  X X Li  Y Liu  Q Q Huang 《Weed Research》2019,59(6):419-426

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.  相似文献   

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha     

D R Clements  M D Day  V Oeggerli  S C Shen  L A Weston  G F Xu  F D Zhang  X Zhu 《Weed Research》2019,59(3):155-169

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.  相似文献   

The structural classification of field boundaries in Mediterranean arable cropping systems allows the prediction of weed abundances in the boundary and in the adjacent crop     

A Cirujeda  G Pardo  A I Marí  J Aibar  Y Pallavicini  J L Gonzlez‐Andújar  J Recasens  X O Sol‐Senan 《Weed Research》2019,59(4):300-311

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圆盘切割式蓖麻采摘装置设计与试验   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

孔凡婷  王德福  石磊  吴腾  陈长林  孙勇飞  谢庆 《农业工程学报》2021,37(23):1-9

针对现有蓖麻收获装备采摘损失率较高、对低矮植株收获适应性差的问题,该研究结合蓖麻植株的生理特性,设计一种圆盘切割式蓖麻采摘装置。该装置配套于水稻或玉米联合收获机,通过双圆盘刀对蓖麻植株进行切割分离,再经过收割机的清选完成蓖麻收获。通过对装置关键部件的受力及作业原理分析,设计其关键结构参数。并以割茬高度差和采摘损失率为评价指标,以刀盘结构、刀盘转速、前进速度为试验因素进行三因素三水平的正交试验,在保证割茬高度差的前提下,以采摘损失率为主要指标,利用综合平衡法确定较优参数组合。田间验证试验表明：刀盘结构类型为波浪形,刀盘转速为600 r/min,前进速度为1.1 m/s时,平均割茬高度差为0.85 mm、平均采摘损失率为3.13%,切割过程平稳、损失率低,对种植农艺适应性好,满足蓖麻收获的田间作业要求。该研究可为蓖麻收获装备的研究和设计提供参考。  相似文献   

污泥连续水热炭化工程系统研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

贾吉秀  赵立欣  姚宗路  孔德亮  张镭  周业剑  张彪  刘志丹 《农业工程学报》2021,37(23):209-215

水热炭化可以显著改善污泥的脱水性能,促进污泥的无害化、减量化、资源化利用,但目前污泥水热炭化技术的工业化应用鲜有报道。该研究基于工程规模的污泥水热炭化系统开展研究,重点研究了系统工程设计和控制逻辑,开展了系统参数测试,分析了污泥炭、气相和水相的理化性质和组分分布,并在此基础上进行了系统能量平衡分析。结果表明,系统污泥年处理量达1.4×104 t,水热炭化后的三相产物分别为污泥炭28.57%,水相70.00%,气相1.43%,污泥脱水率达75%,综合整个生产系统,系统加热能为454.22 MJ/t,动力耗能为64.80 MJ/t,连续水热炭化工程系统能耗比为83.83%,能量回收率为66.68%,系统具有较高的能耗比。该研究可为生物废弃物连续水热炭化技术的研发和推广应用提供重要的工程依据。  相似文献   

基于PIV技术的圆形循环水养殖池流场     

朱放  胡佳俊  孔剑桥  桂福坤  潘训然  冯德军 《农业工程学报》2021,37(23):296-300

为研究进水管的设置距离和角度对双管进水式圆形循环水养殖池水动力特性的影响,该研究通过模型试验的方法,利用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）测量了不同进水管设置方式下养殖池内的流场。试验设计了3组进水管距池壁距离（进水管与池壁的最近距离,即进水管设置距离d）,每组距离工况下设计了8组进水角度（出水方向与养殖池切线形成的锐角,即进水管设置角度α）。利用PIV技术测量了不同工况下距离池底1 cm水层的流场,从水动力特征量（平均流速vavg和速度均匀系数U）分析进水管设置方式对养殖池水动力特性的影响。试验结果表明进水管设置方式明显影响养殖池的水动力特性：d=0时,随着α的增加,平均流速整体呈现先增大后下降的规律,在α=45°时取得最大值,但流场均匀系数随角度的增加而逐渐增加;d=1/4 r（r为养殖池半径）时,随着α的增加,平均流速和流场均匀系数都先缓慢增加然后再下降,分别在α=40°和30°时取得最大值;d=1/2 r时,随着α的增加,平均流速和流场均匀系数整体都呈现逐渐下降的趋势。综合比较24个试验工况的平均流速vavg和速度均匀系数U,建议将进水管设置为d=1/4 r,α=30°～40°,以期使养殖池内水动力特征有利于固体颗粒物的运动汇集,提升养殖池的集排污能力。本文研究成果可以为工厂化循环水圆形养殖池进水管设置方式提供参考。  相似文献   

坟山绿化树种选择及配置模式   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孔强  林官乐  敖展雄 《华东森林经理》2007,21(4):48-52

"青山白化"严重影响生态环境建设和城市文明形象,已成为亟待解决的社会问题。针对坟山的立地条件与特点,以适地适树、满足绿化主体功能、乡土树种为主以及尊重传统风俗习惯为选择原则,筛选出适合浙南地区的坟山绿化树种。在此基础上,依照营造不同类型的目标林分要求,确定14种坟山绿化配置模式,为"青山白化"区提供绿化治理技术。  相似文献