Effect of ammonia on the electrolyte status of an Indian major carp Catla catla     

Bheeman Dinesh  Mathan Ramesh  Rama Krishnan Poopal 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(11):1677-1684

Ammonia is present in the aquatic environment due to agricultural runoff, sewage effluents and decomposition of biological waste. High level of ammonium in the aquatic environment or in aquaculture farms is a serious problem for aquatic organisms. In the present investigation, the sublethal effects of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at 9.98 mg L^?1 on plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^?) level of Indian major carp Catla catla fingerlings was studied for a period of 35 days under semistatic conditions. Exposure of fish to sublethal concentration of TAN at 9.98 mg L^?1 caused changes in the levels of plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^?) compared with control fish. No mortality was observed in any group during the treatment period. The present study reveals that the levels of plasma sodium and potassium (except on 7th day) electrolytes were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased throughout the study period. However, the decrease in plasma chloride level was found to be not significant when compared with control group. The present study concludes that the measurements of plasma electrolytes levels can be used as potential biomarkers for monitoring nitrogenous chemicals in aquatic environment.  相似文献   

Depressed polymorphonuclear cell functions in periparturient cows that develop postpartum reproductive diseases     

Rafiqul Islam  Harendra Kumar  Gyanendra Singh  Binsila B. Krishnan  Sahadeb Dey 《Veterinary research communications》2017,41(3):201-209

The study was planned to see if there is any important and significant changes in the PMN function in cows suffering from postpartum reproductive diseases (PRD). Blood sampling was done from 41 pregnant cows on 15 days prepartum (?15d), calving day (0d), 15 days (15d) and 30 days (30d) postpartum and thorough gynaecological examination was performed on 0d, 15d, 30d and 45d for diagnosis of PRD like retained placenta (RP), clinical metritis (CM), clinical endometritis (CE) and delayed involution of uterus (DIU). The heparinised blood was used for isolation of PMN leukocytes for estimation of superoxide (SO), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in each group of cows. The SO production (ΔOD) was greater for normal (0.19 ± 0.05) than cows suffering from RP (?0.12 ± 0.09), CM (?0.15 ± 0.13) and CE (?0.07 ± 0.05) at -15d. The mean value was greater for normal cows (0.12) than the cows with PRD (0.05 to 0.9) at 30d. The H₂O₂ production was greater for normal than cows with PRD at all sampling days and significantly greater than cows with RP and CE at 15d (p < 0.01) and 30d (P < 0.05). The MPO activity (μmol/1 × 10⁷) was greater for normal (18.77 ± 1.27) than for RP (12.52 ± 2.57) and CM (11.31 ± 3.30) cows on 0d. The depressed capability of the PMN from the cows with PRD to produce SO, H₂O₂ and MPO during the periparturient period indicated their association with the development of RP, CM and CE.  相似文献   

Early Stage above Ground Interaction in Wheat-Jatropha Agrisilviculture System     

P. Ratha Krishnan  Pankaj Kumar 《农业科学与技术》2010,(2):20-26

Experiments were conducted to analyze the initial tree crop interaction between Jatropha curcas and wheat by planting the perennial component in East-West orientation with 8-2 m distance and wheat as intercrop at National Research Centre for Agroforestry （NRCAF）, Jhansi during July, 2007 to April, 2009. During planting of Jatropha the interaction to wheat was non-significant and influence of orientation is also nil. Eighteen months after plating Jatropha had attained the mean height of 124.56 cm, collar diameter of 6.37 cm, number of branches of 11.25, canopy diameter of 98.5 cm and yielded 18.5 g seeds per plant. During 18 MAP also observations revealed the non-significant influence of Jatropha on wheat. Observations also indicated the progress in wheat growth and yield attributes with the increase of distances from tree base and it follow the order of 0.5 m〈1.0 m〈2.0 m〈3.0, 4.0 m and open. Nearly, 62% and 14% yield loss in wheat grain was observed at 0.5 m and lm distance from the tree base respectively compare with open. Comparison ofwheat-Jatropha agrisilviculture system and sole wheat cropping indicated the net grain yield reduction up to 13.5% by agrisilviculture system. The comparison of wheat and straw yields between the two years clearly indicating that the system and sole cropping have not much differed while the influence of climatic factor is witnessed by the variation of yields over years. It revealed that the initial above ground interaction between Jatropha and wheat was due to the space that can be managed by the pruning of branches which is a recommended cultural practice of Jatropha.  相似文献   

Penny ice cap cores, baffin island, canada, and the wisconsinan foxe dome connection: two states of hudson bay ice cover     

DA Fisher  RM Koerner  JC Bourgeois  G Zielinski  C Wake  CU Hammer  HB Clausen  N Gundestrup  S Johnsen  K Goto-Azuma  T Hondoh  E Blake  M Gerasimoff 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5351):692-695

Ice cores from Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, provide continuous Holocene records of oxygen isotopic composition (delta18O, proxy for temperature) and atmospheric impurities. A time scale was established with the use of altered seasonal variations, some volcanic horizons, and the age for the end of the Wisconsin ice age determined from the GRIP and GISP2 ice cores. There is pre-Holocene ice near the bed. The change in delta18O since the last glacial maximum (LGM) is at least 12.5 per mil, compared with an expected value of 7 per mil, suggesting that LGM ice originated at the much higher elevations of the then existing Foxe Dome and Foxe Ridge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The LGM delta18O values suggest thick ice frozen to the bed of Hudson Bay.  相似文献   

Novel quantitative trait loci for yield and yield related traits identified in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)     

Ankit Malik  Aruna Kumar  Ranjith Kumar Ellur  Subbaiyan Gopala Krishnan  Kunnummal Kurungara Vinod  Deepshikha Dixit  Mariappan Nagarajan  Prolay Kumar Bhowmick  Haritha Bollinedi  Nagendra Kumar Singh  Ashok Kumar Singh 《Plant Breeding》2023,142(3):327-337

Increasing crop productivity is one of the prime goals of crop breeding research. Rice grain yield is a complex quantitative trait governed by polygenes. Although several QTLs governing grain yield traits have been reported and limited attempts have been made to map QTLs for grain yield parameters in Basmati rice. A population from the cross Sonasal and Pusa Basmati 1121 comprising 352 RILs was generated through the single seed descent method. A total of 12 QTLs governing yield and yield-related traits were mapped on six chromosomes, namely, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9, of which five QTLs were novel. We identified a novel and robust epistatic QTL (qPH1.1 and qPL1.1) governing plant height and panicle length, flanked by the markers RM5336-RM1 on chromosome 1. The gene encoding brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 precursor is the putative candidate gene underlying this epistatic QTL. Another novel QTL, qNT3.1, governing tiller number was bracketed to a region of .77 Mb between the markers RM15247 and RM15281 on chromosome 3. Of the 57 annotated gene models, Os03g0437600 encoding alpha/beta-fold hydrolase, a homologous to AtKai2 is a putative candidate gene underlying the novel QTL qNT3.1. The other QTLs such as qDFF1.1 governing days to 50% flowering co-localizes with the gene Ghd7, QTL for plant height qPH1.2 co-localizes with the gene sd1, the QTLs for panicle length co-localizes with FUWA and DEP2, the QTL for tiller number co-localizes with OsRLCK57 and QTLs for thousand-grain weight co-localize with the major gene GS3. The QTLs identified in the current study can be effectively used in marker-assisted selection for developing Basmati rice varieties with a higher yield.  相似文献   

Removal of Trichloroethylene by Activated Carbon in the Presence and Absence of TiO2 Nanoparticles     

Hafiz H. Salih  George A. Sorial  Craig L. Patterson  Rajib Sinha  E. Radha Krishnan 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2837-2847

Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as a new type of contaminant in water and wastewater. The fate of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) in a granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorber and their impact on the removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) was investigated. Key parameters governing the TiO₂NP?CGAC interaction such as specific surface area (SSA), zeta potential, and the TiO₂NP particle size distribution (PSD) were determined. The impact of TiO₂NPs on TCE adsorption on GAC was tested by conducting TCE adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and column breakthrough studies in the presence and absence of TiO₂NPs. SSA and pore size distribution of the virgin and spent GAC were obtained. The fate and transport of the TiO₂NPs in the GAC fixed bed and their impact on TCE adsorption were found to be a function of their zeta potential, concentration, PSD, and the nature of their aggregation. The TiO₂NPs under investigation are not stable in water and rapidly form larger aggregates. Due to the fast adsorption kinetics of TCE, the isotherm and kinetic studies found no effect from TiO₂NPs. However, TiO₂NPs attached to GAC and led to a reduction in the amount of TCE adsorbed during the breakthrough experiments suggesting a preloading pore blockage phenomenon. The analysis of the used GAC confirmed the pore blockage and SSA reduction.  相似文献   

IFN‐τ Acts in a Dose‐Dependent Manner on Prostaglandin Production by Buffalo Endometrial Stromal Cells Cultured in vitro     

SG Chethan  SK Singh  J Nongsiej  HB Rakesh  RP Singh  N Kumar  SK Agarwal 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(3):403-408

Interferon‐τ (IFN‐τ) has been recognized as the primary embryonic signal responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy. Uterine endometrium produces both prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). PGF_2α is responsible for the luteolysis; however, PGE₂ favours establishment of pregnancy by its luteoprotective action. In this study, the dose‐response effect of recombinant bovine IFN‐τ (rbIFN‐τ) on prostaglandin (PG) production by buffalo endometrial stromal cells cultured in vitro was studied. Buffalo endometrial stromal cells were isolated by double enzymatic digestion, initially with trypsin III followed by a cocktail of trypsin III, collagenase type II and DNase I and subsequently cultured till confluence. Further, cells were treated with different doses of rbIFN‐τ (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/ml) and keeping a separate set of control. Culture supernatant was collected after 6, 12 and 24 h of treatment. PG levels in the culture supernatant were measured by enzyme immune assay (EIA) and total cellular protein estimated by Bradford method. Results indicated that buffalo endometrial stromal cells following rbIFN‐τ treatment enhanced the secretion of both PGE₂ and PGF_2α, and also its ratio in a strict dose‐dependent manner with a significant increase (p < 0.01) in PGE₂ production at 1 μg/ml dose of rbIFN‐τ and maximal stimulation for both PG was observed at 10 μg/ml. Further, both PG production and its ratio were increased significantly (p < 0.01) in a time‐dependent fashion in all the groups at 6, 12 and 24 h post‐treatment with highest level achieved at 24 h as compared with control. Absolute levels of PGE₂ remained higher than PGF_2α indicating PGE₂ as the major PG produced by endometrial stromal cells. The dose‐dependent response of rbIFN‐τ signifies the importance of optimum concentration of IFN‐τ for the embryonic development especially during the critical period to establish successful pregnancy.  相似文献   

Effect of Wheat Genotype and Environment on Relationships Between Dough Extensibility and Breadmaking Quality     

Melanie Caffe‐Treml  Karl D. Glover  Padmanaban G. Krishnan  Gary A. Hareland  Krishna D. Bondalapati  Jeff Stein 《Cereal Chemistry》2011,88(2):201-208

Dough extensibility affects processing ease, gas retention, and loaf volume of finished products. The Kieffer dough extensibility test was developed to assess extensibility of small dough samples and is therefore adapted for use in breeding programs. Information is lacking on relationships between wheat growing environments and dough properties measured by the Kieffer dough extensibility test. This study documents the variability of dough extensibility (Ext), maximum resistance to extension (Rmax), and area under the extensibility curve (Area) in relation to breadmaking quality, and the effect of wheat growing environments. Mixograph, Kieffer dough extensibility, and bake tests were performed on flour milled from 19 hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown during three growing seasons (2007‐2009) at six South Dakota locations. Although both genotype and environment had significant effects on Kieffer dough extensibility variables, environment represented the largest source of variation. Among genotype means, Area was most correlated (r = 0.63) with loaf volume, suggesting that by selecting lines with increased Area, loaf volume should improve. Rmax was positively correlated (r = 0.58) with loaf volume among genotype means but negatively correlated (r = –0.80) among environmental means. Ext was positively correlated (r = 0.90) with loaf volume among environmental means. Weather variables were correlated with Rmax, Ext and loaf volume and therefore could help predict end‐use quality.  相似文献   

General strategies for nanoparticle dispersion     

Mackay ME  Tuteja A  Duxbury PM  Hawker CJ  Van Horn B  Guan Z  Chen G  Krishnan RS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5768):1740-1743

Traditionally the dispersion of particles in polymeric materials has proven difficult and frequently results in phase separation and agglomeration. We show that thermodynamically stable dispersion of nanoparticles into a polymeric liquid is enhanced for systems where the radius of gyration of the linear polymer is greater than the radius of the nanoparticle. Dispersed nanoparticles swell the linear polymer chains, resulting in a polymer radius of gyration that grows with the nanoparticle volume fraction. It is proposed that this entropically unfavorable process is offset by an enthalpy gain due to an increase in molecular contacts at dispersed nanoparticle surfaces as compared with the surfaces of phase-separated nanoparticles. Even when the dispersed state is thermodynamically stable, it may be inaccessible unless the correct processing strategy is adopted, which is particularly important for the case of fullerene dispersion into linear polymers.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic Characterisation of Seed Deterioration during Storage under Accelerated Ageing Conditions     

P. Krishnan  Shantha Nagarajan  A.V. Moharir 《Biosystems Engineering》2004,89(4):425-433

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