Climate change mitigation through increased wood use in the European construction sector—towards an integrated modelling framework     

Ljusk Ola Eriksson  Leif Gustavsson  Riitta H?nninen  Maarit Kallio  Henna Lyhyk?inen  Kim Pingoud  Johanna Pohjola  Roger Sathre  Birger Solberg  Jarle Svanaes  Lauri Valsta 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(1):131-144

Using wood as a building material affects the carbon balance through several mechanisms. This paper describes a modelling approach that integrates a wood product substitution model, a global partial equilibrium model, a regional forest model and a stand-level model. Three different scenarios were compared with a business-as-usual scenario over a 23-year period (2008?C2030). Two scenarios assumed an additional one million apartment flats per year will be built of wood instead of non-wood materials by 2030. These scenarios had little effect on markets and forest management and reduced annual carbon emissions by 0.2?C0.5% of the total 1990 European GHG emissions. However, the scenarios are associated with high specific CO₂ emission reductions per unit of wood used. The third scenario, an extreme assumption that all European countries will consume 1-m³ sawn wood per capita by 2030, had large effects on carbon emission, volumes and trade flows. The price changes of this scenario, however, also affected forest management in ways that greatly deviated from the partial equilibrium model projections. Our results suggest that increased wood construction will have a minor impact on forest management and forest carbon stocks. To analyse larger perturbations on the demand side, a market equilibrium model seems crucial. However, for that analytical system to work properly, the market and forest regional models must be better synchronized than here, in particular regarding assumptions on timber supply behaviour. Also, bioenergy as a commodity in market and forest models needs to be considered to study new market developments; those modules are currently missing.  相似文献   

Life-history traits promoting outbreaks of the pine bark beetle Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the south-eastern Alps     

Fernanda Colombari  Andrea Battisti  Leif Martin Schroeder  Massimo Faccoli 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):553-561

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Reactivity of bovine whey proteins, peptides, and amino acids toward triplet riboflavin as studied by laser flash photolysis     

Cardoso DR  Franco DW  Olsen K  Andersen ML  Skibsted LH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(21):6602-6606

The reaction between the triplet excited state of riboflavin and amino acids, peptides, and bovine whey proteins was investigated in aqueous solution in the pH range from 4 to 9 at 24 degrees C using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Only tyrosine and tryptophan (and their peptides) were found to compete with oxygen in quenching the triplet state of riboflavin in aqueous solution, with second-order rate constants close to the diffusion limit, 1.75 x 10(9) and 1.40 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1) for tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively, with beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin having comparable rate constants of 3.62 x 10(8) and 2.25 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. Tyrosine, tryptophan, and their peptides react with the photoexcited triplet state of riboflavin by electron transfer from the tyrosine and tryptophan moieties followed by a fast protonation of the resulting riboflavin anion rather than by direct H-atom abstraction, which could be monitored by time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy as a decay of triplet riboflavin followed by a rise in riboflavin anion radical absorption. For cysteine- and thiol-containing peptides, second-order rate constants depend strongly on pH, for cysteine corresponding to pKaRSH = 8.35. H-atom abstraction seems to operate at low pH, which with rising pH gradually is replaced by electron transfer from the thiol anion. From the pH dependence of the second-order rate constant, the respective values for the H-atom abstraction (k = 1.64 x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1)) and for the electron transfer (k = 1.20 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) were determined.  相似文献   

Enhanced turbulence and energy dissipation at ocean fronts   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

D'Asaro E  Lee C  Rainville L  Harcourt R  Thomas L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6027):318-322

The ocean surface boundary layer mediates air-sea exchange. In the classical paradigm and in current climate models, its turbulence is driven by atmospheric forcing. Observations at a 1-kilometer-wide front within the Kuroshio Current indicate that the rate of energy dissipation within the boundary layer is enhanced by one to two orders of magnitude, suggesting that the front, rather than the atmospheric forcing, supplied the energy for the turbulence. The data quantitatively support the hypothesis that winds aligned with the frontal velocity catalyzed a release of energy from the front to the turbulence. The resulting boundary layer is stratified in contrast to the classically well-mixed layer. These effects will be strongest at the intense fronts found in the Kuroshio Current, the Gulf Stream, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, all of which are key players in the climate system.  相似文献   

Comment on "Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms"     

Mahadevan A  Thomas LN  Tandon A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5875):448; author reply 448

McGillicuddy et al. (Reports, 18 May 2007, p. 1021) proposed that eddy/wind interactions enhance the vertical nutrient flux in mode-water eddies, thus feeding large mid-ocean plankton blooms. We argue that the supply of nutrients to ocean eddies is most likely affected by submesoscale processes that act along the periphery of eddies and can induce vertical velocities several times larger than those due to eddy/wind interactions.  相似文献   

Clear-cutting affects the ammonia-oxidising community differently in limed and non-limed coniferous forest soils     

Jenny?S.?K.?B?ckmanEmail author  ?sa?Kasimir?Klemedtsson  Leif?Klemedtsson  Per-Eric?Lindgren 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(4):260-267

The effects of clear-cutting on the ammonia-oxidising bacterial community were studied in the soil of limed and non-limed spruce forest plots located in the central part of southern Sweden. The communities were studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from total DNA with primers reported to be specific for -subgroup ammonia-oxidising bacteria. The bands on the DGGE were sequenced and each unique sequence was interpreted as representing one ammonia-oxidising population. The relative abundance of each population was determined by measuring the fluorescence of the respective DGGE bands. In both limed and non-limed soil, the same two Nitrosospira populations were found, one belonging to cluster 2 (NScl2) and one to cluster 4 (NScl4). However, while NScl4 first appeared a year after the clear-cutting in the non-limed plot, it was present both before and after the cutting in the limed plot. Irrespective of previous liming, clear-cutting caused a shift in the ammonia-oxidiser community, from dominance by the NScl2 population to a community with approximately equal relative abundance of NScl2 and NScl4. In both plots the total size of the community increased after clear-cutting (based on increased DGGE band intensity), most likely due to increased NH₄⁺ availability, but the growth response was faster in the limed plot. Hence, the prior liming increased the responsiveness of the ammonia-oxidisers to the changes caused by cutting. This is the first study to report the effects of clear-cutting on the ammonia-oxidising community, and the results show a clear correlation between increased potential nitrification and a shift in the ammonia-oxidiser community.  相似文献   

Comparison of isolation methods for the determination of important aroma compounds in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) juice, using nasal impact frequency profiling     

Varming C  Petersen MA  Poll L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(6):1647-1652

The influence of isolation method on the determination of important aroma compounds in black currant juice was investigated by surface of nasal impact frequency (SNIF) gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The applied methods were solvent extraction, static headspace, and purge and trap using 15 and 60 min of purge time. By the four methods, a total of 59 odors were observed, and, of these, 44 corresponded to compounds that could be identified. For the headspace methods increasing purge volumes resulted in recoveries of additional, less volatile compounds. The main compound groups recovered by the headspace methods were esters and terpenes, whereas compounds recovered by solvent extraction were not as dominated by fruity odors. For most compounds there was agreement between the size of the SNIF value obtained by GC-O and the amount of the measurable compound found by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.  相似文献   

Concentration effects in myoglobin-catalyzed peroxidation of linoleate     

Baron CP  Skibsted LH  Andersen HJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(4):883-888

The concentration of the free fatty acid anion linoleate was found to be important for the pro-oxidative activity of metmyoglobin, MbFe(III), and for mixtures of metmyoglobin and hydrogen peroxide, MbFe(III)/H(2)O(2), to yield perferrylmyoglobin, (*)MbFe(IV)=O, whereas for ferrylmyoglobin, MbFe(IV)=O, no concentration effect was noted as studied in linoleate emulsions (pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C). Determination of conjugated dienes using second-derivative absorption spectroscopy, changes in Soret band absorbance, and spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy with alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butyl nitrone (POBN) as the spin trap were used to evaluate the pro-oxidative activity of myoglobins. At a linoleate (LA)/heme protein (HP) ratio of 100, no MbFe(III)-induced linoleate peroxidation was observed, as MbFe(III) was converted to its non-pro-oxidative low-spin derivative, hemichrome, independently of the presence of H(2)O(2). At higher LA/HP ratios, linoleate peroxidation was initiated by the addition of MbFe(III), both in the presence and in the absence of H(2)O(2). This proceeded with denaturation of MbFe(III), as followed by changes in Soret absorption band, which most probably release or expose the heme group to the environment and thereby permit hematin-induced lipid peroxidation. The obtained results show that the mechanism by which MbFe(IV)=O initiates linoleate peroxidation is different from MbFe(III)- and MbFe(III)/H(2)O(2)-initiated linoleate peroxidation. The shift in mechanism between heme protein cleavage of lipid hydroperoxides and hematin-induced lipid peroxidation is discussed in relation to oxidative progress in biological systems and muscle-based foods.  相似文献   

Photooxidative degradation of beer bittering principles: a key step on the route to lightstruck flavor formation in beer     

Huvaere K  Andersen ML  Skibsted LH  Heyerick A  De Keukeleire D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(5):1489-1494

Isohumulones, dihydroisohumulones, tetrahydroisohumulones, and humulinones, important hop-derived bittering compounds in beer, were shown to give rise to reactive triacylmethyl radicals on interaction with triplet-excited riboflavin after spin trapping by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide or 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane, followed by electron paramagentic resonance spectroscopy combined with spectral simulation. Electron abstraction from the ionized beta-tricarbonyl chromophore, which is common to all five-membered ring hop derivatives, is the initial event on photoinduced degradation. Radicaloid decomposition of isohumulones leads to precursors for 3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol, the lightstruck constituent in beer. Interaction of reduced derivatives of isohumulones with triplet-excited riboflavin furnished radical precursors of volatile aldehydes, which may lead to the development of unpleasant stale or cardboard flavors.  相似文献   

The production and growth of young apple compact mutants induced by ionizing radiation     

Poll  Leif 《Euphytica》1974,23(3):521-533

The main purpose of this work was to produce compact mutants of apple, i.e. mutants which had shorter internodes and often shorter shoots than is normal for the variety.Scions of the apple varieties Cortland, Ingrid Marie, Gråsten, Close, Golden Delicious and Ildrød Pigeon were treated with gamma radiation (3000–7000rad). Following two propagations compact mutants were selected on the basis of internode length. All mutants, whose internode length was significantly shorter than that of the normal variety, are included in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. Most of these mutants had shorter shoots and thicker shoot diameters than the normal variety.The correlation between shoot length and internode length has made necessary the introduction of the term degree of compactness to characterize the mutants. If the relationship between internode length and shoot length of a mutant is similar to that of the normal variety then it has a low degree of compactness. If, however, the mutant's internode length is considerable less than is normal for the variety (still in relation to shoot length), then the degree of compactness is great. The selected mutants are grouped according to degree of compactness in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6, beginning with mutants which are less compact.In all 8 Cortland, 11 Ingrid Marie, 9 Gråsten, 3 Close, 1 Golden Delicious and 1 Ildrød Pigeon compact mutants were found.  相似文献