Soil organic matter and sorption capacity under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard     

Vladimír Šimanský  Nora Polláková 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1145-1154

The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorptive parameters under different soil management practices in Rendzic Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce (Slovakia). The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization), (2) T (tillage), (3) T + FYM (tillage + farmyard manure), (4) G + NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilization for vineyards), (5) G + NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilization for vineyards). Soil samples were collected every month during the year 2010. Obtained results showed increased hydrolytic acidity (by 23%), sum of basic cations (by 37%) and decreased total cation exchange capacity (CEC) (by 36%) with higher doses of fertilization in comparison to control. Application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase in the SOM cation sorption capacity. Positive correlations between pH and sum of basic cations (SBC) (r = 0.493, p ≤ 0.001), CEC (r = 0.498, p ≤ 0.001) and cation sorption capacity of SOM (r = 0.391, p ≤ 0.01) were observed. Higher values of labile carbon:potentially mineralizable nitrogen (C_L:N_pot) ratio corresponded with lesser CEC, SBC and base saturation values in the soil. With increased humus quality (higher values of humic acid:fulvic acid (C_HA:C_FA) ratio), cation sorption capacity of SOM significantly increased (r = 0.329, p ≤ 0.01). The results of this study proved that the application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase of SOM sorption capacity, but higher doses of mineral fertilizers added to soil had a negative effect.  相似文献   

Release of glucose from dissolved and mineral-bound organic matter by enzymatic hydrolysis     

Katharina R. Lenhardt  Luise Brandt  Christian Poll  Thilo Rennert  Ellen Kandeler 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13421

Sorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by poorly crystalline minerals during their formation may protect large amounts of carbon in soils from mineralization. We investigated the bioavailability of carbohydrates in DOM and after co-precipitation with short-range ordered aluminosilicates. Carbohydrates originated from soil solutions collected in situ at two depths of a Dystric Cambisol, and from litter extracts. Quantification of substrate-specific degradability was achieved by the addition of β-glucosidase at an optimal concentration and subsequent determination of glucose release. Depending on DOM composition, 0.6–41.4 mg g⁻¹ C⁻¹ of glucose was enzymatically released from dissolved carbohydrates. Co-precipitated carbohydrates were partially accessible, resulting in a glucose release of 0.7–5.2 mg g⁻¹ C⁻¹. Restricted enzymatic depolymerization due to co-precipitation may contribute to accumulation of easily degradable substrates in soils.  相似文献   

Is humane slaughter of fish possible for industry?   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

Hans van de Vis  Steve Kestin  David Robb  Jörg Oehlenschläger  Bert Lambooij  Werner Münkner  Holmer Kuhlmann  Karin Kloosterboer  Margarita Tejada  Almudena Huidobro  Håkon Otterå  Bjørn Roth  Nils Kristian Sørensen  Leif Akse  Hazel Byrne  & Paul Nesvadba 《Aquaculture Research》2003,34(3):211-220

Abstract The objective was to evaluate industrial and research slaughter methods for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), gilt‐head seabream (Sparus auratus) and eel (Anguilla anguilla) with respect to welfare and quality. As a general term of reference, an optimal slaughter method should render fish unconscious until death without avoidable excitement, pain or suffering prior to killing. For Atlantic salmon, commercial slaughter methods (carbon dioxide stunning followed by gill cutting, and gill cutting alone) are not in conformity with the general term of reference, as the fish are not rendered unconscious immediately and possibly experience stress. Evaluation of automated percussive stunning remained unconclusive. More research should enable us to ascertain whether loss of consciousness is instantaneous. Electrical stunning can be humane if applied properly. However, because flesh of electrostunned fish was characterized by occasional bloodspots, optimization of the electrical parameters is required. Prototypes for percussive and electrical stunning of salmon have been recently developed. This implies that humane slaughter of salmon is feasible for industry. For gilt‐head seabream, neither aphyxia in air nor transfer of the fish to an ice slurry were considered to be humane: the methods did not induce immediate brain dysfunction and vigorous attempts to escape occurred. Percussive and electrical stunning can be in conformity with the general term of reference. However, conditions for stunning whole batches of seabream have not been established. Quality of the fish slaughtered by percussive stunning was similar to that obtained by the industrial method, i.e. immersion in an ice slurry. Further work is required to establish optimal stunning conditions and to develop prototypes. For eel, desliming in a salt‐bath followed by evisceration, electrical stunning performed under the conditions prescribed by the German legislation, and live chilling and freezing were not considered to be humane. In contrast, it was established that a 10–20 kg batch of eels in fresh water could be rendered unconscious immediately and until death by applying electricity in combination with nitrogen gas. The conditions used were 0.64 A dm^?2 for 1 s, followed by 0.17 A dm^?2 combined with nitrogen flushing for 5 min. A preliminary assessment of flesh quality suggests that it may be improved by application of the latter method, compared with the salt bath. The results clearly indicated that humane slaughter of eels is possible in practice.  相似文献   

Top Predators in Marine Ecosystems. Their Role in Monitoring and Management     

Leif Nøttestad 《Fish and Fisheries》2007,8(4):367-368

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Use of Water for Swimming and its Relationship to Temperature and Other Factors in Farm Mink (Mustela vison)     

Claus Peter Bjelke Hansen  Leif Lau Jeppesen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(1):89-93

An investigation into swimming behaviour and its relationship to outdoor temperature was conducted in 40 ranch mink. Two different cage sizes were used and all animals had access to a basin filled with water 15 cm deep. During the years 1994-1998, water loss from the basin and temperatures at a nearby weather station were recorded once a week. In the last year 11 mink were video-recorded for 24 h. Using the monthly average daily water loss as an indicator, swimming activity showed a clear annual variation over 4 years and was positively correlated with average monthly temperature. With regard to swimming activity, a large individual variation existed: average water loss varied from 10 ml to nearly 4 litres per day, with those in large cage units having the greatest water loss. The video-recordings confirmed this variation: the number of swims ranged from zero to 177 during 24 h and there was an indication of more swimming bouts in the mink in the large cage units. The duration of swims varied from 2 to 55 s per bout. The relationship between swimming and general activity is discussed, along with the importance of water for swimming as a means of thermoregulation.  相似文献   

VALIDATION OF DELAYED GADOLINIUM‐ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE AND T2 MAPPING FOR QUANTIFYING DISTAL METACARPUS/METATARSUS CARTILAGE THICKNESS IN THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES     

Ann Carstens  Robert M. Kirberger  Leif E. Dahlberg  Leon Prozesky  Lizelle Fletcher  Eveliina Lammentausta 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2013,54(2):139-148

The purpose of this study was to determine whether delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping are accurate techniques for measuring cartilage thickness in the metacarpus3/metatarsus3 (Mc3/Mt3) of Thoroughbred racehorses. Twenty‐four Mc3/Mt3 cadaver specimens were acquired from six healthy racehorses. Cartilage thickness was measured from postintra‐articular Gd‐DTPA^2? images acquired using short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and proton density weighted (PDw) sequences, and compared with cartilage thickness measured from corresponding histologic images. Two observers performed each histologic measurement twice at three different sites, with measurement times spaced at least 5 days apart. Histologic cartilage thickness was measured at each of the three sites from the articular surface to the bone–cartilage interface, and from the articular surface to the mineralized cartilage interface (tidemark ) . Intra‐observer repeatability was good to moderate for dGEMRIC where Mc3/Mt3 cartilage was not in contact with the proximal phalanx. Where the Mc3/Mt3 cartilage was in contact with the proximal phalanx cartilage, dGEMRIC STIR and T2 mapping PDw cartilage thicknesses of Mc3/Mt3 could not be measured reliably. When measured from the articular surface to the bone–cartilage interface, histologic cartilage thickness did not differ from STIR or PDw cartilage thickness at the site where the Mc3/Mt3 cartilage surface was separated from the proximal phalanx cartilage (P > 0.05). Findings indicated that dGEMRIC STIR and T2 mapping PDw are accurate techniques for measuring Mc3/Mt3 cartilage thickness at locations where the cartilage is not in direct contact with the proximal phalanx cartilage.  相似文献   

Antioxidants and shelf life of whole wheat bread     

Sidsel Jensen  Henrik Ostdal  Leif H. Skibsted  Anette K. Thybo 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011

Industrially produced bread normally operates with a shelf life of several weeks at room temperature and indications of storage-related off-flavour development as a consequence of lipid oxidation have been suggested. The present study has tested enrichment of whole wheat bread with α-tocopherol or commercially used rosemary extracts for production of bread loaves with higher oxidative stability and hence better overall sensory quality. Bread quality was evaluated by sensory profiling, determination of antioxidative capacity, determination of lipid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products, and analysis of volatile compounds including secondary lipid oxidation products. Enrichment of bread with α-tocopherol resulted in higher degrees of rancid aroma and flavour in fresh samples, which was explained by higher levels of secondary oxidation products, whereas enrichment of bread with rosemary extracts did not have any effect. Accordingly, application of antioxidants cannot, based on the current data, be recommended for achievement of bread with improved sensory properties during storage.  相似文献   

A call for global action to conserve native trout in the 21st century and beyond     

Daniel C. Dauwalter  Antonino Duchi  John Epifanio  Andrea Gandolfi  Robert Gresswell  Francis Juanes  Jeffrey Kershner  Javier Lobón-Cerviá  Philip McGinnity  Andreas Meraner  Pavel Mikheev  Kentaro Morita  Clint C. Muhlfeld  Kurt Pinter  John R. Post  Günther Unfer  Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad  Jack E. Williams 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2020,29(3):429-432

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Genetic variation among Fusarium verticillioides isolates associated with Ethiopian maize kernels as revealed by AFLP analysis     

Hadush Tsehaye  Abdelhameed Elameen  Anne Marte Tronsmo  Leif Sundheim  Arne Tronsmo  Dereje Assefa  May Bente Brurberg 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,146(4):807-816

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Erroneous conclusions about current geographical distribution and future expansion of forest insects in Northern Sweden: comments on Hof and Svahlin (2015)     

Niklas Björklund  Åke Lindelöw  Leif Martin Schroeder 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2016,31(1):126-127

We question the validity of the results and the conclusions from a study entitled “The potential effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of insect pest species in the Swedish boreal forest” that was recently published in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. The main problem is that for several of the species the current geographical distributions presented in the paper (based on modeling of a limited set of occurrence data) are vastly underestimated compared with distribution maps in standard reference literature and other available occurrence data. As a consequence of that the predicted major future range expansions of these important pest species are also erroneous.  相似文献