1. Fourteen by‐products of oil refining, selected for their variability in free fatty acid and unsaponifiable contents, were analysed chemically with the objective of relating the determined ME values of the products to chemical composition by means of multiple linear regression analysis. Refined sunflower oil was included as a reference fat.
2. Twenty‐one 2‐week‐old chicks were used to determine fat digestibilities and AMEn values of diets, using the total collection method. Fats were included in a wheat‐soyabean meal diet at 100 g/kg. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to express the ME values of fats as functions of the parameters measured (moisture, gross energy, impurities, unsaponifiables, non eluted material, free fatty acid content, unsaturated: saturated ratio, peroxide value, TBA test).
3. The ME of the fat products lay in the range 12.62 to 24.35 MJ/kg, and 29.26 MJ/kg for refined sunflower oil. Free fatty acid content of the fats was shown to be a poor predictor of their ME values, whereas non eluted material (NEM) of the fat products showed a good correlation with their ME. A regression equation could be derived (R2 = 0.6548; SEE = 2–0064) with the unsaturated: saturated ratio (U:S) and NEM. An ME prediction equation based on the U:S, NEM and unsaponifiable content is also proposed (R2 = 0–7168; SEE= 1.9058). 相似文献
1. The effect of pelleting process and Trichoderma viride enzymes (TVE) addition on apparent metabolisable energy, corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and on productive value of practical diets containing 40 and 45% of three different barley cultivars and one wheat were studied in poultry.
2. The effect of the pelleting process on AMEn was inconsistent and was dependent on the cereal included and the addition of enzyme.
3. The growth trial showed a significant effect of enzyme addition to pelleted diets over the whole growth period (0 to 42 d). Addition of TVE improved weight gain and food efficiency by 1.3% and 2.9%, respectively and decreased food intake by 1.6% between 0 and 22 d. In the finisher period (23 to 42 d) TVE improved efficiency by 2.8% and reduced food intake by 2.9%.
4. The incidence of sticky droppings was related to the viscosity of barley used, and enzyme supplementation reduced it. Both pelleting and enzyme addition increased dry matter content of excreta.
5. At the end of the experiment, 14 animals per treatment were slaughtered and carcass yield, viscera weight and abdominal fat were determined. 相似文献
Annual cycles of change in bud morphology, bud burst ability, abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and starch and water content were studied in mid-crown terminal buds of short shoots and underground basal buds of Betula pubescens Ehrh. In particular, we investigated the roles of ABA and bud water content in the regulation of bud growth. Basal buds differed morphologically from terminal buds of short shoots in that their leaf initials did not develop into embryonic foliage leaves and their total size did not increase significantly during summer. Bud burst ability, measured by forcing detached short shoots and stumps under controlled conditions, was maintained in the basal buds throughout the year, whereas the terminal buds of short shoots remained dormant until October, thereafter their bud burst ability increased gradually and reached a maximum in March-April. The ABA concentration of the basal buds was relatively constant throughout the sampling period (1-3 micro g g(DW) (-1)), whereas that of the terminal buds of short shoots, which was much higher (5-10 micro g g(DW) (-1)), showed a distinct seasonal cycle with a maximum from August to November. Bud ABA concentration decreased during the first 10 days of forcing, especially in basal buds. In both bud types, the amount of starch increased toward the autumn, declined in November, and was negligible in the terminal buds of short shoots between January and March, but in April, the amount was high again in both bud types. Water content varied characteristically in both bud types, although more distinctly in the terminal buds of short shoots, with an increase in spring before bud burst and a decrease during the summer until September. The significant morphological and physiological differences between the mid-crown terminal buds of short shoots and the underground basal buds may partly explain the characteristic growth habit of the basal buds and their development into coppice shoots after cutting the tree. The results also indicate a role for ABA in maintaining dormancy of the terminal buds of short shoots and emphasize the relationship between tissue water status and ABA concentration. 相似文献
Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. The immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. Various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of CAEV-induced disease. Infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by infected cells of a monocyte/macrophage lineage. The serum alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyl transferase concentrations were elevated in infected goats, a characteristic of hepatic and bone disorders. All other serum chemistry parameters were similar between infected and control goats. Importantly, the serum tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) levels were higher in infected goats. The cachexia seen in infected goats may be at least partly due to altered metabolism as a result of prolonged elevation of serum TNF- levels. Depressed natural killer cell activity was observed in infected goats and may contribute towards the establishment of a persistent infection with CAEV.Abbreviations AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- CAEV
caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
- GGT
-glutamyl transferase
- HBSS
Hanks' balanced salt solution
- HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
- NK
natural killer
- PBMC
peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCR
polymerase chain reaction
- SAP
serum alkaline phosphatase
- TNF
tumour necrosis factor 相似文献
1. Broilers were produced from two lines of breeders selected for three generations for fast and slow feather growth. The base population foundation stock originated from a commercial pedigree female line, which carried only the dominant sex‐linked late feathering gene K. Three isoenergetic (12.7 MJ AME/kg) starter and grower diets were formulated to contain 280, 240 and 200, and 260, 220 and 180 g/kg protein, respectively, and fed to 156 broilers of each sex to give three starter‐grower combinations.
2. Broiler performance in terms of growth, food conversion ratio, carcase meat, fat and protein content was optimised on the 240 to 220 g/kg protein starter‐grower series of diets.
3. Birds of the slow line were significantly (P<0.05) heavier at 48 d of age and had the same food intake and food conversion ratio as birds of the fast feathering line.
4. The slow line birds had significantly (P<0.01) shorter feathers and less total plumage weight at 48 d. The slow line birds had significantly (P<0.001) less carcase fat and significantly (P<0.05) more carcase protein than the fast line. The slow line had significantly more carcase meat (P<0.01) within which a greater breast meat yield was evident (P<0.001). 相似文献
1. Medium hybrid hens were housed as groups of 4 at 18 weeks of age in cages of 4 different types: control battery cages allowing 675 cm2/bird; similar cages with a rear‐mounted dust bath, 290×345×240 mm, containing sand (D); cages with a rear‐mounted nest box of the same size, containing wood shavings (N); cages with both (DN). In half the experimental cages access to nests was restricted to the morning and access to baths was restricted to the afternoon, by automatic sliding doors.
2. During the first 24 weeks of lay about 95% of eggs were laid in nest boxes in treatments N and DN. Slightly fewer were laid in boxes where doors were present. Over 90% were laid in dust baths in D cages without doors and 67% with doors, which birds learned to open. Prelaying behaviour was least disturbed in nest boxes, most disturbed on the floor and intermediate in dust baths.
3. Fully developed dust bathing occurred in D and DN as bouts lasting 5 to 10 minutes; its incidence, surprisingly, was greater when doors were present and greater still when nest boxes were present, even though it was not performed in them. It was also performed by some hens in nest boxes in N (without doors). In N with doors and in control cages, dust bathing occurred on the bare floor in truncated form, as serial bouts each lasting only about 10 s. This truncated dust bathing was also occasionally observed in D and DN.
4. Plumage, foot and claw damage were less in hens from modified cages than from controls. Egg production was very good in all treatments but more eggs from control cages were downgraded because they were dirty or cracked.
5. When a choice was available birds generally partitioned their behaviour appropriately between nest box and dust bath. In N and DN virtually all prelaying and nesting behaviour took place in the nest boxes. Matching between dust bathing and the environment was less close; the reasons for its relatively low incidence and occurrence in truncated form outside dust baths remain to be established. 相似文献
SUMMARY: Muzzle dermatoglyphics - n. ridges, granula and vibrissae - were analysed in various breeds. Differences among these in most traits were significant. Herd effects accounted for about 1/10 of the variance and heritability, estimated by combining sib, halfsib and dam-daughter correlations corrected for herd differences was above 50% for ridges and vibrissae and about 30% for granula. Genetic correlations between ridge counts and n. vibrissae in different nose fields, respectively, were high as they were between the former and n. granula but they were negative or very low between vibrissae and the other two traits. Asymmetry among the counts in the two muzzle sides was significant for nearly all traits, Heritabilities were low, around 10 to 20%, and the crossbreds had less asymmetry than their parental breeds. The correlations among asymmetry measures were low. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Rassenunterschiede und genetische Variabilit?t von Flotzmaulmustern Flotzmaulmerkmale - Zahl von Leisten, Warzen und Haaren - wurden in verschiedenen Rassen untersucht. Unterschiede zwischen diesen waren für alle Merkmale signifikant. Herdeneinflüsse verursachten etwa 1/10 der Varianz und Heritabilit?tswerte, gesch?tzt aus Korrelationen zwischen Zwillingen, Halbgeschwistern und T?chter-Müttern, korrigien für Herdeneinflüsse, variierten zwischen 36 und mehr als 50%. Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Leistenzahl und Zahl von Haaren in verschiedenen Flotzmaulfeldern waren hoch, ebenso wie die zwischen ersteren und Zahl von Warzen, aber sie waren negativ oder sehr gering zwischen Haaren und den andern beiden Merkmalen. Asymmetrie zwischen Zahlen in beiden Flotzmaulh?lften war signifikant für fast alle Merkmale. Heritabilit?tswerte waren niedrig, etwa 10-20% und Kreuzungstiere zeigten weniger Asymmetrie als ihre Herkunftsrassen. Die Korrelationen zwischen Asymmetriema?en waren niedrig. 相似文献
SUMMARY: Effects of PMSG and genotype on various measures of reproductive efficiency were investigated. Prenatal data were obtained at 40 d of gestation from 96 gilts representing four genotypes. Data on Duroc (D), Yorkshire (Y), Synthetic (Large White × Landrace) (SYN), and Crossbred Duroc × Yorkshire (XB) gilts were collected from January, 1990 through May, 1991. Litter size (LS) data were collected from 482 farrowings of siblings. Treatment with exogenous hormones significantly increased number of corpora lutea (CL), number of embryos (EN), ovum wastage, (OVWS) and embryo length (ELG). Breed group differences (P < .05) were detected for natural ovulation rate, hormone-induced ovulation rate, CL, OVWS, ELG, embryo weight, ovum success, uterine length, ovary weight, range and variance of within-litter embryo weight (RWT and VWT), and litter size born alive. Natural ovulation rates for D, Y, SYN and XB were 10.46 ± 1.61, 12.64 ± 1.41, 14.10 ± .99 and 10.90 ± 1.47, and hormone-induced ovulation rates were 15.00 ± 1.53, 17.69 ± 1.40, 19.43 ± 1.17 and 12.19 ± 1.43, respectively. Range and variance of within-litter embryo length were not affected by either treatment or genotype. Increases in RWT and VWT observed in D and XB gilts after PMSG treatment did not adversely affect embryo survival to 40 d gestation. Significant genetic differences existed for litter size at birth. The PMSG treatment and interactions with PMSG were not significant for litter size born alive. Breed groups seem to differ for CL and EN in response to PMSG but only Yorkshire showed any response in LS (P < .10). Although PMSG increased ovulation rate in siblings by 4.06 ova and number of embryos at 40 d gestation by 1.87 compared with control gilts, there were no differences in litter size born alive due to PMSG treatment. The increase in ovulation rate and number of embryos generated by PMSG seems to be negated by fetal losses occurring both before and after 40 d of gestation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Einflüsse von Stutenserum-Gonadotropin (PMSG) auf Reproduktionsmerkmale von vier Genotypen bei Jungsauen Einflüsse von PMSG und Genotyp auf verschiedene Merkmale der Reproduktion wurden untersucht. Daten wurden am 40. Tr?chtigkeitstag von 96 Jungsauen von vier Genotypen-Duroc (D), Yorkshire (Y), Synthetik (Edelschwein × Landrasse (SYN)) und Kreuzungen-Duroc × Yorkshire (XB) zwischen Januar 1990 und Mai 1991 erhoben. Wurfgr??e (LS) wurden von 492 Würfen von Geschwistertieren erhoben. Behandlung mit exogenem Hormon steigert signifikant die Zahl der Gelbk?rper (CL), Zahl der Embryonen (EN), Ovarverlust (OVWS) und Embryol?nge (ELG). Differenzen zwischen Genotypen wurden für natürliche und hormoninduzierte Ovulationsrate, CL, OVWS, ELG, Embryogewicht, Embryoerfolg, Geb?rmutterl?nge, Ovargewicht, Streuungsbereich und Varianz des Embryogewichtes von Wurfgeschwistern (RWT und VWT) und Zahl lebendgeborener Ferkel erhoben. Die natürlichen Ovulationsraten für D, Y, SYN und XB waren 10,46 ± 1,61, 12,64 ± 1,41, 14,10 ± 0,99 und 10,90 ± 1,47, und die hormoninduzierten 15,00 ± 1,53, 17,69 ± 1,40, 19,43 ± 1,17 und 12,19 ± 1,43. Streuungsbereich und Varianz zwischen Embryonenl?nge eines Wurfes wurden weder durch Behandlung noch Genotyp tangiert. Steigerungen in RWT und VWT in D und XB Jungsauen nach Hormonbehandlung hat Embryoüberleben bis 40 Tage nicht beeintr?chtigt. Signifikante genetische Unterschiede existieren zwischen Wurfgr??e bei Geburt. Hormonbehandlungen und Interaktionen mit Genotypen waren für die Wurfgr??e nicht signifikant. Rassengruppen scheinen für CL und EN im Hinblick auf Hormonbehandlung sich zu unterscheiden, aber nur Yorkshire zeigten Reaktion bei LS (P < .1). Obwohl das Hormon die Ovulationsrate um 4,06 Eier und Zahl der Embryonen bei 40 Tagen um 1,87 gegenüber Kontrollsauen vergr??erte, verblieben keine Unterschiede in Wurf gr??e. Die Steigerung der Ovulationsrate und Zahl der Embryonen nach Hormonbehandlung scheint durch F?talverluste vor und nach 40 Tagen Tr?chtigkeit eliminiert zu werden. 相似文献
