Measurement of granular flow in a vertical column using pulse induction (PI)     

Nasreddine Meziane  Ahmed Bettahar  Ruplal Choudhary  Dennis G. Watson 《Biosystems Engineering》2013,114(2):78-85

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Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera     

Ganzera M  Choudhary MI  Khan IA 《Fitoterapia》2003,74(1-2):68-76

One of the most widely used herbs in Ayurvedic medicine is Ashwaghanda, Withania somnifera, a shrub commonly found on the Indian subcontinent. As this plant is increasingly becoming a popular adaptogenic in the western world, analytical methods for its identification and quality control are in demand. Thus, a HPLC method for the determination of withaferin A and withanolide D was developed. The system was successfully used to investigate the presence of the markers in different W. somnifera plant parts as well as to analyze their content in market products.  相似文献   

Seed placement effects on seedling establishment in direct-drilled fields     

M.A. Choudhary  C.J. Baker 《Soil & Tillage Research》1985,6(1):79-93

Two techniques for measuring seed placement distribution, a seedling tracing method and a soil core X-ray technique, were compared. Based on these methods, three determinant parameters were developed to define seed distribution; variation of depth, variation of lateral width and depth variation between rows.In the presence of a desirable in-groove micro-environment, both seed depth variations within and between rows had a negative relationship with seedling emergence percentage. Correlations between emergence and lateral width were low. Variations in seed depth were found to be associated with the mechanisms of seed ejection, and with the depth control method used on the openers.At two trial sites (in a sandy and silt loam soil) a simple winged chisel opener gave higher plant emergence than an experimental chisel S/2000 opener, a slot opener, a modified slot opener and a triple disc opener.  相似文献   

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India     

Ram A. Jat  Kiran K. Reddy  Rahul Solanki  Raja Ram Choudhary  Susheel Kumar Sarkar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(8):1154-1174

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).  相似文献   

Deterioration of rhizospheric soil health due to elevated ultraviolet-B     

Krishna Kumar Choudhary  Divya Pandey 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(10):1419-1437

Enhancements in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) due to stratospheric ozone depletion affect biological forms directly and indirectly. To investigate how belowground processes are affected under increased UV-B, a field experiment with mung bean cultivars (HUM-1 and HUM-12) was conducted. The responses of selected soil enzymes (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, polyphenol oxidase, glycine aminopeptidase, and phosphatase), microbial biomass C and N were assessed in rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric zones, along with measurements of phenol and flavanoid contents in roots and leaves. Test plants were exposed to two UV-B levels: (1) UVB, simulating 20% stratospheric O₃ depletion; and (2) UV0, the ambient UV-B. Elevated UV-B depressed shoot biomass by 24.8 and 15.9% and root biomass by 43.7 and 38.4% in cv. HUM-1 and HUM-12 compared with UV0. Although elevated UV-B caused an increase in phenol and flavonoid contents in leaves and roots, a reduction in the number of root nodules (32.4 and 24% in HUM-1 and HUM-2, respectively) and their fresh weight (27 and 23% in HUM-1 and HUM-2, respectively) was observed. Elevated UV-B caused microbial activity to shift from the rhizosphere to non-rhizosphere as indicated by increased microbial biomass N and soil enzyme activities in this zone.  相似文献   

Transpiration Response of Maize Hybrids to Atmospheric Vapour Pressure Deficit     

M. Gholipoor  S. Choudhary  T. R. Sinclair  C. D. Messina  M. Cooper 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2013,199(3):155-160

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield is often restricted by low soil water availability, particularly late in the growing season. To increase yields, genetic options for more effective use of available soil water are being explored. One option is to select genotypes that have restricted transpiration rate under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) conditions so that soil water is conserved for use later in the growing season. While genetic variation for this trait has been identified within several crop species, such variation has never been explored in maize. The objective of this study was to examine transpiration rate of 35 single‐cross hybrids to determine whether hybrids can be identified that express limited transpiration under high VPD. Two sets of experiments were undertaken in which plants were exposed to a range of VPD in chambers. A two‐phase transpiration response was observed in 11 hybrids in which there was a threshold VPD above which transpiration rate was restricted. The VPD threshold varied from 1.7 to 2.5 kPa among these hybrids. Eight hybrids were included in both sets of experiments, and the same results were obtained in both experiments, indicating that expression of the trait was consistent.  相似文献   

Development of controlled release formulations of carbofuran and evaluation of their efficacy against Meloidogyne incognita     

Choudhary G  Kumar J  Walia S  Parsad R  Parmar BS 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(13):4727-4733

Controlled release (CR) formulations of the insecti-nematicide carbofuran have been prepared using commercially available rosin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose with clay (bentonite, kaolinite, and Fuller's earth). The kinetics of carbofuran release in soil from the different formulations were studied in comparison with that of the commercially available granules (3G). Release from the commercial formulation was faster than with the new CR formulations. Addition of clay in the biodegradable polymer matrix reduced the rate of release. The diffusion exponent (n value) of carbofuran in soil ranged from 0.462 to 0.740 in the tested formulations. The half-release (t1/2) values ranged between 4.79 and 25.11 days, and the period of optimum availability (POA) of carbofuran ranged from 15.10 to 43.97 days. The mean EC50 of the commercial formulation against Meloidogyne incognita was quite high as compared to those of CR formulations. The effective duration (te) of carbofuran from the CR and commercial formulations was predicted by fitting the mean EC50 values of test formulations in the model (M(infinity) - Me)/M(infinity) = Kdte. It was 0.7 day in commercial 3G in comparison with 17.8 days for CMC-bentonite. The bioassay studies revealed that with the rosin-yellow polymer, the dose of carbofuran could be reduced to half of its recommended dose for nematode control. Overall, a comparison of CR formulations with the commercial one showed an earlier degradation of carbofuran in the latter and relatively prolonged activity in the former.  相似文献   

Micronutrient deficiency status among women of desert areas of western Rajasthan, India     

Singh MB  Fotedar R  Lakshminarayana J 《Public health nutrition》2009,12(5):624-629

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Low-Cost Vermi-Composting Technology and Its Application in Bio-Conversion of Obnoxious Weed Flora of North-Western Himalayas into Vermi-Compost     

Anil K. Choudhary  Vinod K. Suri 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(12):1429-1441

A low-cost ?v?e?rmicomposting? technology was developed for bio-conversion of obnoxious weed-flora of north-western (NW) Himalayas. Using this technology, an extensive on-station and on-farm experimentation was done during 2006–2012 in India utilizing four obnoxious weeds viz. Artemisia vulgaris, Ageratum conyzoides, Erigeron canadensis and Bidens pilosa and farm-yard-manure (control). The on-station study revealed that Artemisia vulgaris vermicompost contained significantly highest nitrogen (N; 1.26%) and phosphorus (P; 0.89%) content while Ageratum conyzoides was the second best alternative for vermicomposting (Nitrogen-1.23%, phosphorus-0.82%, and potassium (K)-0.76%). In the on-farm study, Artemisia vulgaris and Ageratum conyzoides vermicomposts again showed their superiority over farm-yard-manure, indicating their potentiality as vermicomposting materials in NW Himalayas. Higher technology adoption rate for different technology components (71–100%) of low-cost vermicomposting technology in study area again shows its acceptability among Himalayan farmers. In nutshell, this low-cost vermicomposting technology and its application in bio-conversion of obnoxious weed-flora as vermicompost holds great promises for hill agriculture in NW Himalayas.  相似文献   

Assessing soil properties and nutrient availability under conservation agriculture practices in a reclaimed sodic soil in cereal-based systems of North-West India     

H. S. Jat  P. C. Sharma  Virender Kumar  A. K. Yadav  Madhu Choudhary 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2018,64(4):531-545

Soil quality degradation associated with resources scarcity is the major concern for the sustainability of conventional rice-wheat system in South Asia. Replacement of conventional management practices with conservation agriculture (CA) is required to improve soil quality. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of CA on soil physical (bulk density, penetration resistance, infiltration) and chemical (N, P, K, S, micronutrients) properties after 4 years in North-West India. There were four scenarios (Sc) namely conventional rice-wheat cropping system (Sc1); partial CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system (RWMS) (Sc2); CA-based RWMS (Sc3); and CA-based maize-wheat-mungbean (Sc4) system. Sc2 (1.52 Mg m^?3) showed significantly lower soil bulk density (BD). In Sc3 and Sc4, soil penetration resistance (SPR) was reduced and infiltration was improved compared to Sc1. Soil organic C was significantly higher in Sc4 than Sc1. Available N was 33% and 68% higher at 0–15 cm depth in Sc3 and Sc4, respectively, than Sc1. DTPA extractable Zn and Mn were significantly higher under Sc3 and Sc4 compared to Sc1. Omission study showed 30% saving in N and 50% in K in wheat after four years. Therefore, CA improved soil properties and nutrient availability and have potential to reduce external fertilizer inputs in long run.  相似文献