Respiration rates of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, feeding on Pavlova lutheri and Chaetoceros gracilis     

Yuji Tomaru  Sachi Ebisuzaki  Zen'ichiro Kawabata  & Shin&#;ichi Nakano 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(1):33-36

We examined the relationship between algal food (Chaetoceros gracilis and Pavlova lutheri) density and the respiration rate of Japanese pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata martensii. The respiration rate increased consistently with food density, independent of algal species. However, the respiration rate decreased at food densities >10⁷ µm³ mL^?1, suggesting inactivation of the digestion system by the high‐food density. Our results suggested that eutrophicated or turbid environments may be unfavourable to the growth of P. fucata martensii.  相似文献   

Effect of Feeding Frequency, Water Temperature, and Stocking Density on the Growth of Tiger Puffer, Takifugu rubripes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kotaro  Kikuchi Nakahiro  Iwata Toyoki  Kawabata Toshiharu  Yanagawa 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2006,37(1):12-20

Effects of daily feeding frequency, water temperature, and stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, fry were examined to develop effective techniques to produce tiger puffer in a closed recirculation system. Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g in initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diets once to five times a day to apparent satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 wk at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect the growth of 14‐ and 180‐g‐size fish. However, the daily feed consumption and weight gain of the 4‐g‐size fish fed three and five times daily were significantly higher than those of fish fed once daily (P < 0.05). Fish of 4 and 50 g in initial body weight were reared with the pellet diet at 15–30 C for 8 wk. The weight gain of fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30 C for both sizes. Similar trends were observed for feed efficiency, although 4‐g fish had highest efficiency at 20 C. Effects of stocking density on growth were examined with fish of 8, 13, and 100 g in initial body weight. Fish were reared with the pellet diet for 8 or 16 wk at 20 C. Fish were placed in floating net cages in the culture tank, and the stocking density was determined based on the total weight of fish and volume of the net cage. Fish of 8 g in body weight grew up to 35–36 g during the 8‐wk rearing period independent of the stocking density of 8, 15, and 31 kg/m³ at the end of rearing. Final biomass per cage reached 32, 60, and 115 kg/m³ for 13‐g‐size fish, and 10, 18, and 35 kg/m³ for 100‐g‐size fish, and the growth of the fish tended to decrease with increasing stocking density for both sizes.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the bioactivities of water-soluble extracts from twelve deep-sea jellyfish species     

Takenori Kawabata  Dhugal J. Lindsay  Minoru Kitamura  Satoshi Konishi  Jun Nishikawa  Shuhei Nishida  Michiya Kamio  Hiroshi Nagai 《Fisheries Science》2013,79(3):487-494

Many polypeptides isolated from shallow water cnidarian species have been utilized as valuable biochemical tools in both basic and applied biological sciences. Deepwater cnidarian species might be another potential resource for novel biochemical tools. However, because of limited access to cnidarian samples from deep-sea environments, bioactive polypeptides have never before been reported from this group. In this study, we collected twelve deep-sea jellyfish species (nine hydrozoans and three scyphozoans) using a plankton net that was specially designed for collecting deep-sea organisms, and prepared water-soluble extracts, presumably containing polypeptides, of these jellyfishes. The extracts were subjected to cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, and crustacean lethal toxicity tests. In the cytotoxicity test, six out of the nine tested hydrozoan species showed activity. In the hemolytic activity test, only three hydrozoans showed activity and none of the scyphozoan jellyfishes showed activity. In the crustacean lethality test, two hydrozoan jellyfishes and all three of the tested scyphozoan jellyfishes showed lethal activity. These results revealed a high incidence of water-soluble bioactive substances occurring in these deep-sea jellyfishes. Furthermore, all the heat-treated and the methanol-treated crude jellyfish extracts lost their bioactivities. Thus, it is likely that the bioactive compounds in the water-soluble extracts were unstable polypeptides (proteins). This is the first published report on bioactivities in extracts from deep-sea jellyfishes.  相似文献   

Differential roles of breakfast only (one meal per day) and a bigger breakfast with a small dinner (two meals per day) in mice fed a high-fat diet with regard to induced obesity and lipid metabolism     

Fuse Y  Hirao A  Kuroda H  Otsuka M  Tahara Y  Shibata S 《Journal of circadian rhythms》2012,10(1):4-12

Background

Recent studies on humans and rodents have suggested that the timing of food intake plays an important role in circadian regulation and metabolic health. Consumption of high-fat foods during the inactive period or at the end of the awake period results in weight gain and metabolic syndrome in rodents. However, the distinct effects of breakfast size and the breakfast/dinner size ratio on metabolic health have not yet been fully examined in mice.

Methods

We examined whether the parameters of metabolic syndrome were differentially affected in mice that consumed a large meal at the beginning of the awake period (breakfast; one meal group) and a relatively smaller meal at end of the awake period (dinner; two meals group). The mice of each group were provided equal food volume per day.

Results

Mice on one meal exhibited an increase in body weight gain, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and a decrease of gene expression associated with ??-oxidation in adipose tissue and liver compared with those on two meals. The circadian expression pattern of the Clock gene in mice on one meal was disturbed compared with those on two meals.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a bigger breakfast with a smaller dinner (two meals per day) but not breakfast only (one meal per day) helps control body weight and fat accumulation in mice on a high-fat meals schedule. The findings of this study suggest that dietary recommendations for weight reduction and/or maintenance should include information on the timing and quantity of dietary intake.  相似文献   

Transpiration and canopy conductance at two slope positions in a Japanese cedar forest watershed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tomo&#x;omi Kumagai  Makiko Tateishi  Takanori Shimizu  Kyoichi Otsuki 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(10):1444-1455

Plant–soil system patterns and processes along a slope are among the greatest causes of uncertainty in estimating watershed-scale transpiration (E). Tree-to-tree and radial variations in xylem sap flux density (F_d), in addition to tree biometrics, were measured over a 2-year period (2005–2006) in two slope stand positions. The areas of interest consisted of an upper slope plot (UP) and a lower slope plot (LP) in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest watershed and the environmental controls of stand E for each plot were compared. Canopy stand E (E_C) and canopy stomatal conductance (G_C) in the UP were less than those in the LP during the growing season, while those in the UP were greater than those in the LP over winter. In addition, mean stand F_d (J_S) in the UP was greater than that in the LP over winter, but J_S values were similar in the UP and LP except in the winter, which allows us to extrapolate watershed-scale E based on J_S estimated from F_d measurements of a partial stand in the watershed. However, this relationship contains a bias and differed between 2005 and 2006. Although there were significant differences in soil moisture conditions between the UP and LP in both years, a systematic relationship between the similarity in J_S and soil moisture conditions was not found. The bias was due to a tendency for J_S in the LP to be greater than that in the UP in 2006. This tendency was amplified because J_S in the LP was greater than that in the UP around an atmospheric humidity deficit (D) of 1–1.5 kPa and frequencies of this D range were higher in 2006 than in 2005. The greater J_S in the LP at D  1–1.5 kPa could be explained by the difference in the response of G_C to D between the UP and LP. Our results suggest this to be the cause of the similarity in J_S values for the UP and LP and for the occasional abortion of its similarity. However, even when the bias or the occasional deviation is disregarded, the error in estimating stand E from a partial stand is so small that it is comparable to an F_d measurement error. For example, the error when using only the LP was 6.6% for stand E.  相似文献   

A survey of white line disease in Japanese racehorses     

Kuwano A  Tanaka K  Kawabata M  Ooi Y  Takahashi T  Yoshihara T  Reilly JD 《Equine veterinary journal》1999,31(6):515-518

A survey was carried out into white line disease in 1781 Thoroughbred racehorses kept in stables at the Japan Racing Association (JRA) Miho Training Center (MTC) September-October 1996. The survey was conducted while horses were being shod by farriers. The horses that still exhibited damaged white lines after regular trimming were diagnosed as having white line disease. The factors recorded were age, sex, number of diseased horses, number of diseased hooves, number of lesions by region over the bearing border of the hoof and the classified length of such lesions. The percentage of total diseased horses was 11.5% (204 animals), with incidence increasing significantly with age (P< or =0.01). Occurrence was independent of sex (P>0.05) was more frequent in the fore- than in the hindhoof and developed more frequently at the toe than at any other region of the forehoof-bearing border. Most lesions ranged from 20 to 30 mm in length.  相似文献   

Estimation of the base line imagined as a muscular background for myoglobin determination by reflectance spectrometry     

Masatoshi IZUMIMOTO  Petr PIPEK  Makiko YONEHARA 《Animal Science Journal》2004,75(6):563-569

Liquid extraction method for determination of myoglobin in muscle is not suitable because of changes in the derivatives and time required. Optical reflectance method is useful as a non‐destructive and real‐time measurement. However, the base line of reflectance method, the muscular reflectance background (MRB) imagined as colorless structural elements, has been unknown because of non‐existence. The spectrum of the base line was analyzed as the analogy of bleached meat. A formula was derived for reflectance that had a linear relationship to the reciprocal of wavelength to the power 4. The reflectance characteristic of the MRB was not constant and the curve tended to rise with increasing wavelength. The reflectance at 700 nm was estimated to be 50%. By the characteristic analysis on Commission Internationale l’Eclairage color values and reciprocal reflectance, it was concluded that the reflectance spectrum of the muscular background obtained in this research was fitted as a base line for the reflectance spectrometry.  相似文献   

A neonatal calf with concurrent meningoencephalitis by Enterobacter cloacae and enteritis by attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (O128)     

Seimiya YM  Murakami M  Takahashi M  Sasaki K  Miyazaki H  Kawashima K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2007,69(4):445-448

A neonatal calf developed nervous symptoms followed by diarrhea. The principal pathological changes were fibrinopurulent meningitis with necrosis of the cerebral parenchyma, and attaching and effacing lesions in the intestine. Cerebral necrosis was frequently associated with vascular changes. Enterobacter cloacae was isolated from the brain and Escherichia coli (O128) from the intestinal content. These suggest that cerebral and intestinal lesions were caused by the isolated organisms, and that most necrosis of the cerebral parenchyma might be infarctive.  相似文献   

Comparison of molecular and growth properties for two different canine distemper virus clusters, Asia 1 and 2, in Japan   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Lan NT  Yamaguchi R  Kawabata A  Uchida K  Sugano S  Tateyama S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2007,69(7):739-744

To compare the molecular and growth properties of two newly isolated canine distemper virus strains in the Asia 1 and 2 groups with clinico-pathological findings in dogs, nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence comparisons of genes H and P were performed together with comparative growth profiling. The predicted amino acid sequences of the H gene contained 12 cysteine residues that were conserved among the examined Asia 1 and Asia 2 viruses. The hydrophobic region in the H gene of the Asia 2 isolates was one amino acid longer than that of the Asia 1 group. The H gene of the Asia 1 group had nine putative asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation sites, while there were eight sites in the Asia 2 group. The titers of the cell-associated viruses for the Asia 1 strains were higher than those of the released viruses and were opposite to those of the Asia 2 strains in a previous study. The molecular and growth properties of the Asia 1 and Asia 2 groups seem to vary, although no significant differences were observed in the clinical signs and pathological findings between the two groups.  相似文献   

Growth and fatness of 1975–2002 year classes of Japanese sardine in the Pacific waters around northern Japan     

Atsushi Kawabata  Hirotsune Yamaguchi  Seigo Kubota  Masayasu Nakagami 《Fisheries Science》2011,77(3):291-299

We examined individual growth and fatness in the 1975–2002 year classes of Japanese sardine. Samples were collected at the feeding grounds in the Pacific waters off northern Japan during drastic fluctuations in the population in the 1970s to 2000s. Growth rates for ages 1–3 of the 1979–1988 year classes, which included low-recruitment year classes subsisting during the high population levels of the 1980s, were apparently slower than for other year classes. There was no obvious trend when comparing year classes, growth during the first year of life (age 0), and maximum body length (BL) at age ≥5. The condition factors (CF, indicating fatness) for adult sardines of BL ≥19 cm in the 1979–1983 year classes during the maximum population level of the mid-1980s were significantly lower than for other year classes. However, there were no apparent trends in CF variations for small sardines of BL <19 cm. The apparent decreases in growth rate and fatness were strongly related to the cumulative sum of population abundance that each year class experienced. It is thought that insufficient food owing to the density-dependent effect of an abundant population at feeding grounds resulted in a decrease in the growth rate for small-bodied sardines that are investing their energy intake in body growth, and a decrease in fatness for large-bodied adults that are accumulating fat for the next reproduction.  相似文献