Effect of Vaccination in the Field with the Theileria annulata (Hisar) Cell Culture Vaccine on Young Calves Born during the Winter Season     

Khatri N  Nichani AK  Sharma RD  Khatri M  Malhotra DV 《Veterinary research communications》2001,25(3):179-188

The responses were monitored of young crossbred calves vaccinated against tropical theileriosis during the winter against a field tick challenge in the disease season. Thirty-eight calves below 2 months of age, born after the end of the disease season, were selected at an organized farm. Twenty-five animals were vaccinated with Theileria annulata (Hisar) cell culture vaccine (developed at CCS HAU Hisar laboratory) after the end of the disease season and 13 calves were kept as non-vaccinated controls. These calves were observed for their susceptibility to theileriosis in the new disease season. There was an increase in antibody titre in 18 of the 25 vaccinated animals one month after vaccination. The antibody titre then declined gradually, but remained higher than those of the non-vaccinated animals at month 0. No fever or other clinical signs of tropical theileriosis were observed in any of the vaccinated animals. Nine out of 25 (36%) vaccinated calves showed occasional piroplasms (<;0.5%) in blood smears. All the vaccinated animals withstood the field tick challenge. On the other hand, 9 of the 13 (69%) unvaccinated calves exhibited occasional piroplasms, and included three clinical cases of tropical theileriosis. These observations suggest that young crossbred calves vaccinated with the T. annulata (Hisar) cell culture vaccine at the end of the disease season were relatively resistant during the next disease season.  相似文献   

Methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations - protection by vitamin E     

Dharm Paul Garg  Anshoo Malhotra  D.K. Dhawan 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2009,93(3):127-132

The present study was planned to evaluate the role of vitamin E, if any, in attenuating the methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood of male wistar rats. Animals, in the weight range of 130-150 g, were administered methomyl orally in drinking water at a sub-acute dose level of 4 mg/kg body weight on alternate days for a duration of one month, vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally to normal or methomyl treated rats on alternate days as a pretreatment for a week at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight and subsequently for a further period of one month. Methomyl treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes. On the contrary, reduced Glutathione levels (GSH) and the activities of catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were found to be significantly decreased. Methomyl treatment caused a significant increase in total leukocyte counts (TLC), platelet, neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Scanning Electron Micrographs showed significant morphological changes, which included spherocytosis and poikilocytosis. However, vitamin E supplementation to methomyl treated rats significantly decreased the raised levels of LPO whereas it caused a significant increase in GSH levels. Also, vitamin E supplementation could significantly elevate the activities of catalase GSHPx, GST and resulted in the normalization of SOD activity. Vitamin E supplementation also proved to be effective in significantly decreasing the already raised values of TLC and lymphocytes counts and almost normalized the platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes counts. Further, vitamin E supplementation improved the morphology of the red blood cells. The study, therefore, concludes that vitamin E can effectively mitigate most of the adverse effects induced by methomyl in rat blood.  相似文献   

Infectivity rate and transmission potential of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks for Babesia equi infection     

Kumar S  Malhotra DV  Sangwan AK  Goel P  Kumar A  Kumar S 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,144(3-4):338-343

The infectivity rate of Babesia equi in the salivary glands of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was assessed. The hungry nymphs were fed on a donkey experimentally infected with B. equi. The engorged dropped-off nymphs were collected at different levels of parasitaemia and kept in BOD incubator. After ecdysis, the hungry adults were prefed on rabbits for different time intervals, thereafter the salivary glands were dissected out and acini were examined after methyl green pyronin (MGP) staining. A total of 134 male and 139 female ticks were dissected out. Average infected acini per tick were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in male as compared to the female ticks. Further, maximum infected acini in both male and female ticks were found at 24h of prefeeding on rabbits and overall infected acini per tick increased with rise in parasitaemia. The release of infected ticks on susceptible donkeys resulted in development of clinical babesiosis.  相似文献   

Foliar fertilization: possible routes of iron transport from leaf surface to cell organelles     

Hina Malhotra  Sandeep Sharma  Prem S. Bindraban 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2020,66(3):279-300

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) plays a pivotal role in plant nutrition as well as human health. Foliar application is being adopted as an economic, targeted and environment friendly alternative over soil fertilization. However, dependency of foliar fertilization on crop species, environment, Fe compound and Fe status of plant makes it a complex practice. Though a large body of evidence is available on Fe movement from root to shoot, very little is known on its movement from the leaf surface (extracellular) to various organelles (intracellular). This article presents possible pathways of foliar-fed Fe including crossing leaf physical barriers to reach the apoplast, crossing the plasma membrane, moving through plasmodesmata, phloem loading and unloading and storage in intracellular compartments. We have also emphasized on various chelating agents present in intracellular environments along with membrane-bound proteins aiding in Fe movement. Further, genes involved in Fe uptake and transport from leaf surface are discussed. At organelle level, presence of importer/exporter in outer membranes or bound Fe (Fe(II) to Fe(III)) form needs to be identified. The long-distance transport of Fe in phloem supports the existence of unknown oxido-reductases. The understanding of Fe mobilization pathways from foliage to sink tissues might also assist in molecular biofortification.  相似文献   

Chickpea evolution has selected for contrasting phenological mechanisms among different habitats     

J. D. Berger  S. P. Milroy  N. C. Turner  K. H. M. Siddique  M. Imtiaz  R. Malhotra 《Euphytica》2011,180(1):1-15

Arguably the most important adaptive criterion in annual crops is appropriate phenology that minimizes exposure to climatic stresses and maximizes productivity in target environments. To date this has been achieved empirically by selecting among diverse genotypes in target locations. This approach is likely to become inadequate with pending climate change because selection is imposed on the outcome (flowering time) rather than the underlying mechanism (i.e. responses to daylength, ambient or vernalizing temperatures). In contrast to the cereals, in legumes the interaction between phenological mechanisms and environmental selection pressure is largely unknown. This paper addresses this shortcoming through photothermal modelling of chickpea germplasm from the world’s key production areas using a meta-analysis of multi-environment trials located from 49° N to 35° S. Germplasm origin had significant effects on temperature and daylength responsiveness, the former strongly correlated to vegetative phase temperatures at the collection or development site (r = 0.8). Accordingly, temperature responses increase from winter- to spring-sown Mediterranean and Australian material, and then to north, central & southern India. Germplasm origin also affects the relationship between photoperiod and temperature response. In Eastern Mediterranean material a strong negative relationship (r = −0.77) enables temperature insensitive genotypes to compensate through a strong photoperiod response. Clearly, chickpea evolution has selected for different phenological mechanisms across the habitat range. Given that under the anticipated global warming temperature sensitive cultivars will flower relatively earlier than those responding largely to photoperiod, it is important to exploit this diversity in developing better-adapted genotypes for future cropping environments.  相似文献   

Nutrient composition and electrophoretic pattern of protein in two distinct types of phalsa (Grewia subinequalis DC)     

Kamal Dhawan  Sarla Malhotra  S. S. Dhawan  Dharam Singh  Kuldip Singh Dhindsa 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1993,44(3):255-260

Two distinct types, i.e. tall and dwarf types of phalsa, were studied for the differences in their physical parameters, chemical compositions and electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins by SDS-PAGE. The two types did not show any remarkable variation in their fruit weight, edible portion, seed weight and juice yield. Tall type had higher content of reducing sugars whereas total and non-reducing sugars were higher in dwarf one. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of sucrose and fructose in both the types whereas glucose was present only in tall one. Observed marked variations in the protein content of the fruit could be due to the differences in protein content of the seed rather than that of the pulp. Electrophoretic pattern of seed proteins revealed the complete absence of two protein bands of molecular weight 37, and 59 kD from the dwarf type.  相似文献   

Bench Scale Evaluation of a Chemo-biochemical Process for Desulphurization of Gaseous Streams Containing Hydrogen Sulphide     

Pandey  R. A.  Malhotra  S.  Rajvaidya  A. S.  Sharma  S.  Peshwe  S.  Raman  V. K.  Bal  A. S. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,142(1-4):243-260

Gases and suspended particulate matter are sampled and measured in situ at different sites within the city of Madrid to determinethe air pollution in the city. Lead concentrations in air are also determined. The information needed to assess levels of contaminants is obtained combining several analytical techniques,which provide real time concentration data of particles andgases. Particulate matter (PM), SO₂, CO, O₃, NO_x,NO₂, CH₄, total hydrocarbons and Pb were measured. Concentrations of pollutants are averaged over periods of hours,days, months and years. Variations of contaminant concentrationsin the last years are presented. Spatial and temporal distribution follows that of the traffic, the main source of pollution in Madrid City. Some specific measurements were carriedout to understand the influence of traffic emissions at themeasured site. Further, all measured concentrations never exceeded the European Union Directives.  相似文献   

Genotype × environment interaction and identification of dual-season cultivars in chickpea     

R. S. Malhotra  M. Singh  W. Erskine 《Euphytica》2007,158(1-2):119-127

Genotype-environment (G × E) interaction plays a significant role in the relative expression of different cultivars in different environments. The productivity of chickpea in the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region is constrained mainly by terminal drought because it is traditionally cultivated as a spring crop using conserved soil moisture. Studies conducted at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) have clearly demonstrated that planting chickpea in winter can produce almost twice the yield of the spring crop. This study examined the extent and nature of G × E interaction on the yield of chickpea and identified genotypes that can produce high yields in both seasons. Sixteen sets of genotypes were evaluated in lattice designs at two contrasting locations in Syria and Lebanon in both spring and winter. In the analysis of individual trials, spatial variability was modeled in terms of block structure, linear trend across columns, and auto correlated plot errors. Genotype × season interaction was significant. The best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) was obtained from individual analyses and adjusted across trials to screen from all the entries. Keeping in view the occurrence of high G × E interaction, and small number of genotypes in individual trials, selection efficiency was kept at a relatively moderate percentage (10%) to cover most of the desirable genotypes. The dual-season lines identified were FLIP98-121C, FLIP97-49C, FLIP97-50C, FLIP97-21C, S95082, FLIP97-17C, FLIP98-56C, and FLIP97-24C for Syria; and FLIP98-90C, FLIP99-37C, FLIP 97-56C, S96026, FLIP97-131C, FLIP 98-21C, FLIP01-63C, FLIP97-93C, and S95082 for Lebanon. We suggest that these genotypes be evaluated in multi-location trials with larger plots to identify the most desirable promising lines suitable for dual-season planting. The approach used in this study can be used to identify dual-season varieties in different target environments.  相似文献   

Comparison of milk-ELISA and serum-ELISA for the diagnosis of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep     

Chand P  Rajpurohit BS  Malhotra AK  Poonia JS 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,108(3-4):305-311

Milk and blood samples from 704 lactating ewes were examined for the diagnosis of Brucella melitensis infection by milk-ELISA, serum-ELISA, RBPT, SAT and culture of milk. Of these ewes, 209 were from brucellosis free sheep flock, 443 from brucellosis infected sheep flock and 52 were from private sheep flocks of which status for brucellosis was not known. All the 209 ewes belonging to uninfected sheep flock were found negative in all the tests and of the remaining 495 ewes 105 were positive in serum-ELISA, 103 in milk-ELISA, 92 in RBPT, 85 in SAT, and B. melitensis biovar-1 was isolated from the milk of 29 ewes. Of the 105 serum-ELISA positive ewes, 99 were positive and 6 were negative in milk-ELISA, whereas of the 103 milk-ELISA positive ewes, 4 were negative in serum-ELISA. All together, 99 ewes were positive and 386 were negative in both the assays while 10 ewes yielded variable results. The specificity of milk-ELISA in brucellosis free flock was 100% and sensitivity and positive predictive value were 96.11% and 94.28%, respectively, in infected flocks. The Brucella antibody levels in milk and serum samples as determined by milk-ELISA and serum-ELISA were correlated significantly. The milk-ELISA for brucellosis appears to be an attractive alternative of serum-ELISA particularly in the lactating ewes.  相似文献   

Indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Brucella melitensis in sheep milk     

Chand P  Sadana JR  Malhotra AK  Poonia JS 《The Veterinary record》2004,155(20):639-641

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