Soil loss tolerance values for different physiographic regions of Central India     

Brij Lal  Lakaria  H. Biswas  & D. Mandal  † 《Soil Use and Management》2008,24(2):192-198

In India, a single soil loss tolerance ( T ) value of 11.2 Mg/ha is by default used for formulating land restoration strategies for all soil types, climates and vegetation covers. However, this single 'T' value does not represent a true picture of soil loss tolerance under all land uses. The objective of our study was to develop adjusted ' T ' values for Central India using soil infiltration rate, bulk density, total organic carbon, erodibility and soil pH. Soil state was defined using a quantitative model involving different soil functions which were used to convert soil parameters to a 0 to 1 scale. The normalized values were then multiplied by appropriate weighing factors based on relative importance and sensitivity analysis of each indicator. Based on overall assessment, each soil mapping unit was categorized into soil groups I, II or III. A general guideline of USDA – Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) was followed to calculate soil loss tolerance for each soil group using effective soil depth. Adjusted ' T ' values for Central India ranged from 2.5 to 12.5 Mg/ha compared with a default value of 11.2 Mg/ha. Use of these values for soil mapping units will improve conservation planning and assist with planning the development of sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

Genetics and molecular mapping of gynoecious (F) locus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)     

Gograj Singh Jat  Anilabh Das Munshi  Tusar Kanti Behera  Harshwardhan Choudhary  Prasanta Dash  Amarnath Ravindran 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2019,94(1):24-32

Gynoecious is an important economic trait of cucumber for determinant of earliness and yield, yet genetic mechanism is not well understood for this trait. The experiment was conducted using F₂ mapping population by crossing of PPC-2, a gynoecious and parthenocarpic line with Pusa Uday (monoecious and non-parthenocarpic cultivar). Out of 179 SSR markers screened, 39 markers differentiated the gynoecious and monoecious parents. However, only 17 markers were segregating with F₂ mapping population, those were used for genotyping and linkage map analysis and these markers were placed along with F locus on chromosome 6 covering a total distance of 100.4cM. The SSR markers, SSR13251 and UW020605 were found to be closely linked to gynoecious (F) locus at 1.0 and 4.5 cM, respectively. The segregation of F₂ population of PPC-2 × Pusa Uday and GPC-1 × Punjab Naveen and test crosses for sex type herein suggested that single dominant gene controlled the gynoecious sex expression in cucumber particularly in gynoecious genotypes PPC-2 and GPC-1. Therefore, the monogenic dominant nature of gynoecious sex identified in the present experiment and SSR markers closely linked to the F locus will be useful in marker-assisted backcross breeding for transfering gynoecious trait into horticulturally desirable varieties.  相似文献   

Anti-inflammatory activity of Dalbergia sissoo leaves     

Hajare SW  Chandra S  Sharma J  Tandan SK  Lal J  Telang AG 《Fitoterapia》2001,72(2):131-139

The possible anti-inflammatory activity of the 90% ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves (DSELE) was studied in different models of inflammation in rats after oral administration at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg. DSELE significantly inhibited carrageenin, kaolin and nystatin-induced paw oedema, as well as the weight of granuloma induced by a cotton pellet. It also inhibited dye leakage in acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test in mice. DSELE was devoid of ulcerogenic effect on the gastric mucosa of rats in acute and chronic tests. In acute toxicity studies, it was found to be safe up to 10.125 g/kg, p.o. in the rat. It was concluded that the D. sissoo leaf extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity (in acute, sub-acute and chronic models of inflammation) without any side effect on gastric mucosa.  相似文献   

Zur Überwinterung der Blattkäfer Altica caerulescens Baly und Macrima armata Baly (Col., Chrysomelidae) im Kulu-Tal,Nordindien     

O. P. Lal 《Journal of pest science》1977,50(2):28-29

Hibernation of the beetles, Altica caerulescens Baly and Macrima armata Baly in the Kula Valley, Himachal Pradesh The flea beetle,Altica caerulescens Baly, is a pest of bringjal, tomato, spinach, strawberry and the weedsRumex sp. andImpatiens sp. in India. The beetle,Macrima armata Baly attacks the trees ofAlnus nitida and is also found as a minor pest of radish in Kulu Valley. Both of the beetles are found only in summer. Concerning the overwintering formerly it was supposed thatA. caerulescens hibernates in pupal stage. The autor describes for the first time about the overwintering of the two species in Kulu Valley based on a survey conducted in 1972 to 1975. Altica caerulescens hibernates in adult stage under the bark of willow (Salix alba).Macrima armata adults were found in the winter in cracks of Kosh trees (Alnus nitida).  相似文献   

Zür Überwinterung vonLeucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Lep., Pyralidae), eines Schädlings der Aubergine,Solanum melongena L., im Kulu-Tal,West-Himalaya,Indien     

O. P. Lal 《Journal of pest science》1975,48(12):181-182

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Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol: I: Soil moisture and crop yields     

R. Lal 《Agroforestry Systems》1989,8(1):7-29

Field experiments were conducted on a tropical Alfisol at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on soil moisture and crop yields of three agroforestry systems. Effects of agroforestry treatments involving two perennial shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium), each at 2-m and 4-m row spacings, were compared with no-till and plow-till systems of seedbed preparation. Measurements were made for soil properties, runoff and erosion, nutrient losses in runoff, and crop growth and yield for a uniform maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) rotation. All of the six plots, each measuring 70 × 10m, were established on a natural slope of about 7%. Alterations in soil properties and effects on crop growth were evaluated for six consecutive years from 1982 through 1987.Seed germination and seedling establishment of Leucaena hedgerows were satisfactory while establishment of Gliricidia from stem cuttings was unsatisfactory. Maize germination and crop stand were normal while that of cowpea were suppressed by both Leucaena and Gliricidia. Maize growth and yield were suppressed only in the vicinity of hedgerows. Maize grain yield in agroforestry systems averaged about 10 percent lower than that of the control. In contrast with maize, agroforestry systems drastically suppressed cowpea grain yield. The average cowpea yield in agroforestry systems was 30 to 50% of the control. Regardless of the mangement system, grain yields declined over time at the rate of 340 and 96 kg ha^–1yr^–1 for maize and cowpea, respectively.Hedgerows of Leucaena and Gliricidia acted as windbreaks. Consequently, soil moisture content in the top 0–5 cm layer in agroforestry systems was generally higher than that in the control during both wet and dry seasons.  相似文献   

Intra-increment circumferential variation in tracheid length as a basis for sampling genetically superior trees of deodar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud.)     

M. K. Seth  M. Bala  C. Lal 《Wood Science and Technology》1987,21(4):293-301

Summary Intra-increment circumferential variation in tracheid length at breast-height in deodar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. vern. diar) has been studied with the main objective of evolving an efficient sampling procedure for the purpose of comparing tracheid length amongst individual trees of forest stands. It has been studied in five sampling strata namely: whole-annual ring, whole-earlywood, whole-latewood, first-firmed earlywood and last-formed latewood. Tracheid length shows significant circumferential variation in whole-annual ring, whole-earlywood, whole-latewood and last-formed latewood. However, when the mean tracheid length of two opposite directions is compared with the mean tracheid length of eight cardinal directions in these sampling strata, then no significant difference is observed. First-formed stratum of an annual ring exhibits statistically consistent values around the circumference and thus sampling from any random radial direction can serve the purpose for the comparison of inherent values of tracheid length amongst the deodar trees.The financial assistance given by Himachal Pradesh University as H.P.U. Junior Research Fellowship to second author is highly acknowledged  相似文献   

Within tree variation in anatomical properties of some clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.     

R. V. Rao  S. Shashikala  P. Sreevani  V. Kothiyal  C. R. Sarma  P. Lal 《Wood Science and Technology》2002,36(3):271-285

 Within tree variation in anatomical properties of four and half year old grown Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. clones have been investigated and correlated with specific gravity. Vessel frequency, vessel diameter and fiber length were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the clones of different parameters. Fiber length was positively correlated with fiber diameter and double wall thickness. Tissue proportions did not show any significant variation from bottom to top. However, highly significant differences have been found between clones among four cell types except fibers. Specific gravity is positively correlated with ray percentage, fiber percentage – vessel percentage ratio and negatively correlated with vessel percentage, while all other anatomical parameters including height and girth have no effect. Received 25 August 1998  相似文献   

Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol:     

R. Lal 《Agroforestry Systems》1989,8(3):197-215

Soil physical properties were measured on field runoff plots established on a tropical Alfisol in Western Nigeria. Evolution of soil physical properties was assessed over a period of 6 years beginning in 1982 (when soil was cleared off its secondary regrowth) till 1987. Changes in soil physical properties were measured for six systems including plow-till, no-till, contour hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala established 2- and 4-m apart, and contour hedgerows of Gliricidia sepium established 2- and 4-m apart. Soil physical properties were measured once every year during the dry season following the harvest of second season crops.Over the 6-year period, there were no significant differences in relative contents of textural separates of sand, silt and clay for the surface 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers. The gravel concentration of the surface 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers, however, increased significantly due to plowing and mixing of the surface and subsoil layers. Soil bulk density of 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers, respectively, increased in all treatments from initial values of 1.02 and 1.16 g cm^–3 in 1982 to 1.43 and 1.65 g cm^–3 at the end of cropping cycle in 1986. The maximum increase in soil bulk density was observed for the no-till treatment. Accordingly, there was an increase in penetration resistance of the surface 0–5 cm layer from an average value of 25.3 kPa in 1982 to 210.7 kPa in 1986. The highest penetration resistance (353 kPa) of 5–10 cm layer was recorded for the no-till treatment. In accord with total porosity, the gravimetric soil moisture retention at zero suction was the lowest for the no-till and the highest for a Gliricidia-based system. There were significant improvements in available water capacity (AWC) of the soil by both Leucaena and Gliricidia-based systems. In comparison with the no-till system, increase in AWC by Leucaena- and Gliricidia-based systems, respectively, was 42 and 56 percent by weight for 0–5 cm depth and 12 and 58 percent by weight for 5–10 cm depth. Alterations in p^F curves by agroforestry-based systems were attributed to improvements in soil structure and structural porosity.  相似文献   

Assessing and Managing Soil Quality for Urban Agriculture in a Degraded Vacant Lot Soil     

Joshua W. Beniston  Rattan Lal  Kristin L. Mercer 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(4):996-1006

Following the decline of industrial manufacturing, many US cities have experienced severe population reductions that have resulted in large areas of vacant land. Urban agriculture has emerged as a desirable land use for these spaces, but degraded soils are common. Therefore, we measured soil and plant responses to amendments and management in urban lots where vacant houses had recently been demolished in Youngstown, OH, USA. Soil degradation was observed following demolition activities in the form of compaction (bulk density of 1·5–1·8 Mg m⁻³) and low soil microbial biomass C (21 mg C kg⁻¹ soil). Our split‐plot experiment measured the effects of organic matter (OM) amendments produced from yard wastes and the use of raised beds on soil properties and vegetable crop yields. Two years after their application, OM amendments resulted in significant improvement to a number of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Vegetable crop yields were improved by OM amendments in 2011 and by both OM amendments and the use of raised beds in 2012. A soil quality index, developed using factor analysis and the Soil Management Assessment Framework, produced values ranging from 0·60 to 0·85, which are comparable to those reported for rural agricultural soils. All results indicate that urban agriculture can be productive in vacant urban land and that amendments produced from urban yard wastes can improve soil quality at previously degraded sites and increase crop yields for urban agriculture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献