Effects of no‐take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta‐analytical approach     

Frederic Vandeperre  Ruth M. Higgins  Julio Sánchez‐Meca  Francesc Maynou  Raquel Goñi  Pablo Martín‐Sosa  Angel Pérez‐Ruzafa  Pedro Afonso  Iacopo Bertocci  Romain Crec’hriou  Giovanni D’Anna  Mark Dimech  Carmelo Dorta  Oscar Esparza  Jesús M. Falcón  Aitor Forcada  Ivan Guala  Laurence Le Direach  Concepción Marcos  Celia Ojeda‐Martínez  Carlo Pipitone  Patrick J. Schembri  Vanessa Stelzenmüller  Ben Stobart  Ricardo S. Santos 《Fish and Fisheries》2011,12(4):412-426

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are often promoted as tools for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries management. Despite increasing evidence of their usefulness, questions remain regarding the optimal design of MPAs, in particular concerning their function as fisheries management tools, for which empirical studies are still lacking. Using 28 data sets from seven MPAs in Southern Europe, we developed a meta‐analytical approach to investigate the effects of protection on adjacent fisheries and asking how these effects are influenced by MPA size and age. Southern European MPAs showed clear effects on the surrounding fisheries, on the ‘catch per unit effort’ (CPUE) of target species, but especially on the CPUE of the marketable catch. These effects depended on the time of protection and on the size of the no‐take area. CPUE of both target species and the marketable catch increased gradually by 2–4% per year over a long time period (at least 30 years). The influence of the size of the no‐take area appeared to be more complex. The catch rates of the entire fishery in and around the MPA were higher when the no‐take areas were smaller. Conversely, catch rates of selected fisheries that were expected to benefit most from protection increased when the no‐take area was larger. Our results emphasize the importance of MPA size on its export functions and suggest that an adequate, often extended, time frame be used for the management and the evaluation of effectiveness of MPAs.  相似文献   

Historical spatial baselines in conservation and management of marine resources     

Massimiliano Cardinale  Valerio Bartolino  Marcos Llope  Luigi Maiorano  Mattias Sköld  Jacob Hagberg 《Fish and Fisheries》2011,12(3):289-298

Increased knowledge on the spatial distribution of marine resources is crucial for the implementation of a true ecosystem approach to management and the conservation of marine organisms. For exploited fish species characterized by aggregation behaviour during spawning time, the identification and tracking of spawning areas is essential for a correct assessment of their productivity and population abundance. To elucidate this concept, we reconstructed the spatio‐temporal distribution of adult plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, Pleuronectidae) during spawning time along the 20^th century. Historical data reveal that not only the abundance but also the former population richness was much higher than previously estimated and has declined because of protracted over‐exploitation during the last 30 years. We conclude that forecast of stock recovery to former levels of abundance neglecting spatial reorganizations might be over‐optimistic and shaded by a lost memory of the past population richness. These results reinforce the importance of managing exploited marine resources at a greater spatial resolution than has been carried out in the history of fishery management.  相似文献   

Phosphorus rather than nitrogen enhances CO2 emissions in tropical forest soils: Evidence from a laboratory incubation study     

Dafeng Hui  Wesley Porter  Jana R. Phillips  Marcos P.M. Aidar  Steven J. Lebreux  Christopher W. Schadt  Melanie A. Mayes 《European Journal of Soil Science》2020,71(3):495-510

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Effect of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under integrated farming system in Slovakia     

J. Gallo  S. Pekár 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(3):60-65

The effects of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under an integrated farming system was investigated in an experimental area in Slovakia. The experiment consisted of 4 small plots (50m² each) to which both organic and inorganic fertilisers were applied. Moreover, there was one application of herbicide and a fungicide on each plot. The ploughing was either deep or shallow, and either silage-maize or pea was used as a previous crop. The effects of the ploughing and previous crop was studied by means of multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) and subsequent Monte-Carlo permutation test. The results showed that there was a considerable temporal variation in the abundance of insect pests and their natural enemies. Of the two husbandry treatments, only ploughing caused significant difference in the composition and abundance of both pests and natural enemies. However, while most of the pests favoured deep ploughing, the majority of natural enemies occurred more abundantly on shallowly ploughed plots. The previous crop did not affect numbers of either pests or natural enemies. Two systems, integrated and organic, which have been surveyed previously, were mutually compared with respect to the abundance of insect pests. The organic farming system turned out to be more sustainable.  相似文献   

First report of Blueberry scorch virus in Europe     

M. Ciuffo  D. Pettiti  S. Gallo  V. Masenga  M. Turina 《Plant pathology》2005,54(4):565-565

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Effect of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under integrated farming system in Slovakia     

J. Gallo  S. Pekár 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,68(2):60-65

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Amino acid supplementation to all-corn diets for pigs     

J T Gallo  W G Pond 《Journal of animal science》1968,27(1):73-78

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育雏前期日粮中的核苷酸对雏鸡的促生长作用     

Fernando Rutz  Patrícia Rossi  刘蓓一 《中国家禽》2007,29(15):34-36

雏鸡的第1周的饲料数量仅是上市鸡总饲料的3.5%,但是为了得到最适的生长性能,环境的管理和恰当的营养是关键.因为雏鸡和成年鸡不一样,雏鸡没有复杂的消化酶,所以不能很好的起到消化的作用.在育雏期的早期,雏鸡面临着最困难的生理过渡时期,也就是开产期日粮中复杂的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类替代了胚胎中脂类和蛋白质的营养来源.而且雏鸡的免疫系统发育不完全,免疫主要靠母源抗体.……  相似文献   

Poisoning of horses by bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris     

Jos Diomedes Barbosa  Carlos Magno C. de Oliveira  Marcos Dutra Duarte  Gabriela Riet-Correa  Paulo Vargas Peixoto  Carlos Hubinger Tokarnia 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2006,26(9):393-398

The clinical and pathological aspects of a neurological disease observed in 16 horses in Pará, Amazonia, Brazil, are presented. The symptoms were mainly motor incoordination, paresis of the tongue, somnolence, difficulties in apprehension, chewing and swallowing of food, as well as instability and standing with abducted members. The clinical course was subacute or chronic and in most cases was not fatal. Postmortem examination performed in one already very sick, euthanized animal, did not show significant macroscopic lesions; histopathological examination revealed slight edema and degenerative alterations of a few axons, mainly in the medulla oblongata. In all pastures where horses were affected, plenty of bamboo had been eaten, probably because of scarcity of pasture. By feeding large amounts of fresh bamboo leaves of this region, in different growing stages, to three horses (horse 1, 47 g/kg/d for 30 days; horse 2, 10 g/kg/d for 60 days; horse 3, 18 g/kg on the first day, and 31 g/kg/d for 6 more days)—the animals ate the leaves unassisted—it was possible to reproduce nervous symptoms essentially identical to those observed in the natural disease 24 to 72 hours after the first feeding of the plant. In spite of continuous administration of the plant, intensity of the clinical signs did not increase. Based on field observations and comparison of the clinical and pathological pictures seen in the natural and experimental disease, the described illness can be concluded to be caused by the ingestion of large amounts of the leaves of Bambusa vulgaris f. vulgaris.  相似文献   

Artificial decrease of leaf area affects inflorescence quality but not floral size in Antirrhinum majus     

Almundena Bayo-Canha  Luciana Delgado-Benarroch  Julia Weiss  Marcos Egea-Cortines 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

We have studied the effect of artificial modification of leaf area on inflorescence and floral quality in Antirrhinum majus. We used two treatments where we clipped all the leaves except the first three pairs of true leaves, or we cut every leaf visible by the time the plant had six leaf pairs. Decreased leaf area caused a decrease in stem elongation that could be traced back to a decrease in internode elongation. Leaves left on the plant increased their size beyond control. Inflorescence quality was strongly affected since total floral number showed a strong decrease with reduced leaf area. In contrast, floral size hardly changed. Breeding programs in Antirrhinum should take into account growth conditions affecting leaf area when searching for changes in inflorescence quality while floral size can be screened independently of this factor.  相似文献