Cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment: a systematic review     

Renfrew MJ  McLoughlin M  McFadden A 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(11):1188-1199

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Influence of growth stresses and material properties on distortion of sawn timber — numerical investigation     

Marie Johansson  Sigurdur Ormarsson 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(6):604-604

? The board distortion that occurs during the sawing and the drying process causes major problems in the utilisation of sawn timber. The distortion is highly influenced by parameters such as spiral grain angle, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, growth stresses and sawing pattern.

? In this study a finite element simulation of log sawing and timber drying was performed to study how these parameters interact to affect board distortion. A total of 81 logs with different material combinations were simulated. From each simulated log four boards with different annual ring orientation were studied.

? The results showed that the elastic modulus, shrinkage coefficient and growth stresses had a large influence on the final bow and spring deformation. After sawing of the log into boards, the release of growth stresses was the main contributor to the bow and spring deformation. For boards with low modulus of elasticity, the bending distortion became larger than for the boards with high modulus of elasticity. The twist deformation was very small after sawing but increased significantly during drying of the boards. The results showed that spiral grain angle and the board location within the log were the main contributors to the twist deformation.

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Sensitivity of Podosphaera aphanis isolates to DMI fungicides: distribution and reduced cross‐sensitivity     

Audrey Sombardier  Marie‐Cécile Dufour  Dominique Blancard  Marie‐France Corio‐Costet 《Pest management science》2010,66(1):35-43

BACKGROUND: Management of strawberry powdery mildew, Podopshaera aphanis (Wallr.), requires numerous fungicide treatments. Limiting epidemics is heavily dependent on sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) such as myclobutanil or penconazole. Recently, a noticeable reduction in the efficacy of these triazole fungicides was reported by strawberry growers in France. The goal of this study was to investigate the state of DMI sensitivity of French P. aphanis and provide tools for improved pest management. RESULTS: Using leaf disc sporulation assays, sensitivity to myclobutanil and penconazole of 23 isolates of P. aphanis was monitored. Myclobutanil EC₅₀ ranged from less than 0.1 to 14.67 mg L^?1 and for penconazole from 0.04 to 4.2 mg L^?1. A cross‐analysis and a Venn diagram showed that there was reduced sensitivity and a positive correlation between the less sensitive myclobutanil and penconazole isolates; 73.9% of isolates were less sensitive to a DMI and 47.8% exhibited less sensitivity to both fungicides. CONCLUSION: The results show that sensitivity to myclobutanil and, to a lesser extent, penconazole has become less efficient in strawberry powdery mildew in France. Therefore, urgent action is required in order to document its appearance and optimise methods of control. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Effect of spray application technique on spray deposition in greenhouse strawberries and tomatoes     

Pascal Braekman  Dieter Foque  Winy Messens  Marie‐Christine Van Labeke  Jan G Pieters  David Nuyttens 《Pest management science》2010,66(2):203-212

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, Flemish greenhouse growers are using spray booms instead of spray guns to apply plant protection products. Although the advantages of spray booms are well known, growers still have many questions concerning nozzle choice and settings. Spray deposition using a vertical spray boom in tomatoes and strawberries was compared with reference spray equipment. Five different settings of nozzle type, size and pressure were tested with the spray boom. RESULTS: In general, the standard vertical spray boom performed better than the reference spray equipment in strawberries (spray gun) and in tomatoes (air‐assisted sprayer). Nozzle type and settings significantly affected spray deposition and crop penetration. Highest overall deposits in strawberries were achieved using air‐inclusion or extended‐range nozzles. In tomatoes, the extended‐range nozzles and the twin air‐inclusion nozzles performed best. Using smaller‐size extended‐range nozzles above the recommended pressure range resulted in lower deposits, especially inside the crop canopy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a vertical spray boom is a promising technique for applying plant protection products in a safe and efficient way in tomatoes and strawberries, and nozzle choice and setting should be carefully considered. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Insecticidal activity of two formulations of essential oils against the cereal leaf beetle     

Jiří Skuhrovec  Miloslav Zouhar  Marie Maňasová  Pavel Nový  Matěj Božik 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2018,68(6):489-495

Purpose: Plant-derived essential oils and their encapsulations have recently received increasing interest as an alternative to synthetic biopesticides suitable for integrated pest management and organic farming. In this study, combinations of essential oils (EO) from Rosmarinus officinalis with Cymbopogon citratus and Pelargonium graveolens with Thymus vulgaris in two formulations including encapsulate were tested for their potential for wheat protection against adults and larvae of Oulema melanopus (L.).

Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Testing of insecticidal activity of the evaluated substances was conducted with 2.5?ml of tested combinations of EOs sprayed on the paper. Ten adults or larvae of O. melanopus were placed into a vessel. Control of mortality of O. melanopus specimens was assessed after 24?h after establishment of the experiment.

Results and conclusions: Tarsal contact toxicity assay showed the effectiveness of EO in concentration against O. melanopus larvae and adults in both formulations (essential oil and encapsulation) causing 100% mortality within 24?h. These results indicate the great potential of these essential oils and their encapsulations for future use in crop protection against insect pests.  相似文献   

Detection of the cytochrome b mutation G143A in Irish Rhynchosporium commune populations using targeted 454 sequencing          下载免费PDF全文

Sinead Phelan  Marie‐Sophie Barthe  Camille Tobie  Steven Kildea 《Pest management science》2017,73(6):1154-1160

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Differences in transpiration between a forest and an agroforestry tree species in the Sudanian belt   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Kohomlan G. Beranger Awessou  Christophe Peugeot  Alain Rocheteau  Luc Seguis  Frédéric C. Do  Sylvie Galle  Marie Bellanger  Euloge Agbossou  Josiane Seghieri 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(3):403-413

Average population growth in the African Sudanian belt is 3 % per year. This leads to a significant increase in cultivated areas at the expense of fallows and forests. For centuries, rural populations have been practicing agroforestry dominated by Vitellaria paradoxa parklands. We wanted to know whether agroforestry can improve local rainfall recycling as well as forest. We compared transpiration and its seasonal variations between Vitellaria paradoxa, the dominant species in fallows, and Isoberlinia doka, the dominant species in dry forests in the Sudanian belt. The fallow and dry forest we studied are located in northwestern Benin, where average annual rainfall is 1200 mm. Sap flow density (SFD) was measured by transient thermal dissipation, from which tree transpiration was deduced. Transpiration of five trees per species was estimated by taking into account the radial profile of SFD. The effect of the species and of the season on transpiration was tested with a generalized linear mixed model. Over the three-year study period, daily transpiration of the agroforestry trees, V. paradoxa (diameters 8–38 cm) ranged between 4.4 and 26.8 L day^?1 while that of the forest trees, I. doka, (diameters 20–38 cm) ranged from 9.8 to 92.6 L day^?1. Daily transpiration of V. paradoxa was significantly lower (15 %) in the dry season than in the rainy season, whereas daily transpiration by I. doka was significantly higher (13 %) in the dry season than in the rainy season. Our results indicate that the woody cover of agroforestry systems is less efficient in recycling local rainfall than forest cover, not only due to lower tree density but also to species composition.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal patterns in seed predation as revealed by reciprocal experiments and video surveillance in neighbouring beech and spruce forests     

Vanessa Marie Ellingsen  Johan Asplund 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2017,32(2):105-114

European beech and Norway spruce are late successional and competitive species meeting each other in southern Norway. Beech is predicted to expand northwards with increased temperature, implying increased competition between the two tree species. Seed survival is a key process in this competition and here we estimate detection times and predation rates of beech and spruce seeds in adjacent beech and spruce forests by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches based on reciprocal seed predation experiments and video surveillance. These experiments were repeated over two growing seasons, and by using a video-surveillance technique, we were able to precisely reveal seed detection times and high seed predation rates, up to 15 seeds?min^?1, with bank vole and chaffinch as main predators. Moreover, the two main predators were different in their seed preferences, that is, beech seeds were exclusively removed or predated by the vole, while the finch consumed spruce seeds only. As we show high predation rates, even small variations in seed predator population densities would impact the regeneration success of beech and spruce. Because the highest predation rates were recorded for spruce seeds, it is likely that this will alter the competitive balance between the two tree species in favour of beech.  相似文献   

Biometrics,JABES and the International Biometric Society     

Elizabeth Thompson  Marie Davidian  Stephen Buckland 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2017,22(3):221-223

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Preliminary observations of survival and growth of European hake in captivity     

Aurélie Jolivet  Hélène de Pontual  Magali Hervy  Yves‐Marie Paulet  Ronan Fablet 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(6):949-954

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