Efficacy of copper alternatives applied as stop-sprays against Plasmopara viticola in grapevine     

Lukas  Kathrin  Innerebner  Gerd  Kelderer  Markus  Finckh  Maria R.  Hohmann  Pierre 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2016,123(4):171-176

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The six products, Armicarb, Vitisan, lime sulphur, Caso, Calce Fiocco and Ulmasud, were tested for their ability to control downy mildew (Plasmopara...  相似文献   

Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems—an almost blind spot in ecosystem research          下载免费PDF全文

Roland Bol  Dorit Julich  Dominik Brödlin  Jan Siemens  Klaus Kaiser  Michaela Anna Dippold  Sandra Spielvogel  Thomas Zilla  Daniela Mewes  Friedhelm von Blanckenburg  Heike Puhlmann  Stefan Holzmann  Markus Weiler  Wulf Amelung  Friederike Lang  Yakov Kuzyakov  Karl‐Heinz Feger  Nina Gottselig  Erwin Klumpp  Anna Missong  Carola Winkelmann  David Uhlig  Jakob Sohrt  Klaus von Wilpert  Bei Wu  Frank Hagedorn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2016,179(4):425-438

Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can be translocated within or exported from forest ecosystems. Attention is paid to hydrological pathways of P losses at the soil profile and landscape scales, and the subsequent influence of P on aquatic ecosystems. New (unpublished) data from the German Priority Program 1685 “Ecosystem Nutrition: Forest Strategies for limited Phosphorus Resources” were added to provide up‐to‐date flux‐based information. Nitrogen (N) additions increase the release of water‐transportable P forms. Most P found in percolates and pore waters belongs to the so‐called dissolved organic P (DOP) fractions, rich in orthophosphate‐monoesters and also containing some orthophosphate‐diesters. Total solution P concentrations range from ca. 1 to 400 µg P L^?1, with large variations among forest stands. Recent sophisticated analyses revealed that large portions of the DOP in forest stream water can comprise natural nanoparticles and fine colloids which under extreme conditions may account for 40–100% of the P losses. Their translocation within preferential flow passes may be rapid, mediated by storm events. The potential total P loss through leaching into subsoils and with streams was found to be less than 50 mg P m^?2 a^?1, suggesting effects on ecosystems at centennial to millennium scale. All current data are based on selected snapshots only. Quantitative measurements of P fluxes in temperate forest systems are nearly absent in the literature, probably due to main research focus on the C and N cycles. Therefore, we lack complete ecosystem‐based assessments of dissolved and colloidal P fluxes within and from temperate forest systems.  相似文献   

Anomalous Increase in Winter Temperature and Decline in Forest Growth Associated with Severe Winter Smog in the Ulan Bator Basin     

Markus Hauck  Choimaa Dulamsuren  Christoph Leuschner 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(8):261

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Chlorogenic acid,a metabolite identified by untargeted metabolome analysis in resistant tomatoes,inhibits the colonization by Alternaria alternata by inhibiting alternariol biosynthesis     

Edyta Wojciechowska  Christoph H. Weinert  Björn Egert  Bernhard Trierweiler  Markus Schmidt-Heydt  Bernd Horneburg  Simone Graeff-Hönninger  Sabine E. Kulling  Rolf Geisen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(4):735-747

Tomato fruits can be contaminated by saprophytic strains of Alternaria alternata which is the reason for the frequent occurrence of Alternaria toxins like alternariol, alternariol monomethylether or tenuazonic acid in these types of products. It was shown earlier that alternariol is a colonization factor for tomatoes. In the current analysis two different tomato genotypes were analysed by untargeted comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS). This analysis revealed clear differences in the metabolic profiles which were paralleled by differences in resistance towards Alternaria colonization. One of the genotypes was more resistant against A. alternata infection and contained high amounts of chlorogenic acid in contrast to the other genotype which was sensitive against infection. In in vitro analysis, chlorogenic acid reduced alternariol biosynthesis during the first days of growth of A. alternata. Expression analysis of the alternariol polyketide synthase gene, a key gene in the biosynthesis of alternariol, also revealed a temporal reduction in its expression in the first phases of growth. However by chromatographic analysis it could be demonstrated that chlorogenic acid was degraded over time. This degradation leads to a relief of inhibition resulting in an only temporal inhibition of alternariol biosynthesis. In vivo colonization experiments revealed that chlorogenic acid reduces colonization of tomatoes by A. alternata in a concentration dependent manner, which however is partly counteracted by the addition of alterariol.  相似文献   

Interactive effects of organic acids in the rhizosphere     

Eva Oburger  Guy J.D. Kirk  Markus Puschenreiter 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(3):449-679

Organic acids released into the rhizosphere may perform many beneficial functions to the plant including metal detoxification and enhancement of nutrient acquisition. Typically, these organic acids are studied in isolation; however, roots simultaneously exude a cocktail of organic acids and other substances, and their combined impact on rhizosphere processes may be quite different. It has been hypothesized that some exudates may play secondary roles (e.g. inhibitors of microbial activity, blockage of sorption sites), which might enhance the longevity and nutrient-mobilization capacity of others. Here we investigated how the decomposition, sorption and P-solubilizing effects of citrate, malate and oxalate are affected by the presence of malonate and shikimate. We found that in a range of agricultural soils the decomposition of citrate, malate and oxalate was rapid, but not influenced by the presence of large quantities of shikimate or malonate. This suggests that the individual organic acids are taken up by different transport mechanisms or components of the microbial community. At large concentrations, malonate decreased sorption of citrate, malate and oxalate on the soil, whilst shikimate had little effect. The capacity of citrate, malate and oxalate to desorb P was significantly greater in cocktails containing malonate compared with the single organic acid; no effect was seen with shikimate. We conclude that neither malonate nor shikimate at realistic concentrations will significantly affect the biodegradation of citrate, malate or oxalate in the rhizosphere, and while malonate did enhance P desorption, this effect is additive rather than synergistic. Overall, we found little evidence that malonate and shikimate act as secondary regulators of citrate, malate and oxalate behavior in soil.  相似文献   

Species-specific barrier effects of a motorway on the habitat use of two threatened forest-living bat species     

Gerald Kerth  Markus Melber 《Biological conservation》2009,142(2):270-279

It is generally recognized that roads can adversely affect local animal populations but little is known how roads affect bats. In particular, no study compared the response of bats that differ in foraging ecology to motorways that cut through the breeding habitat. As bats are key species in conservation, such data are urgently needed for designing management plans. Using radio-telemetry, mist netting, and mark-recapture data we investigated the effects of a motorway with heavy traffic on the habitat use of two threatened forest-living bats. We compared barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus), which forage in open space, to Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii), which glean prey from the vegetation. Five of six radio-tracked barbastelle bats crossed the motorway during foraging and roost switching, flying through underpasses and directly over the motorway. In contrast, only three of 34 radio-tracked Bechstein’s bats crossed the motorway during foraging, all three using an underpass. Bechstein’s bats, unlike barbastelle bats, never crossed the motorway during roost switching. Moreover, only in Bechstein’s bats individuals foraging close to the motorway had smaller foraging areas than individuals foraging further away, whereas other forest edges had no such effect. Our data show that motorways can restrict habitat accessibility for bats but the effect seems to depend on the species’ foraging ecology and wing morphology. We suggest that motorways have stronger barrier effects on bats that forage close to surfaces than on bats that forage in open space, and discuss the implications of our findings for bat conservation during road construction.  相似文献   

Bioaccumulation of ivermectin from natural and artificial sediments in the benthic organism <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lumbriculus variegatus</Emphasis>     

Tineke Slootweg  Michel Alvinerie  Philipp Egeler  Daniel Gilberg  Jussi V. K. Kukkonen  Jörg Oehlmann  Carsten Prasse  Arto J. Sormunen  Markus Liebig 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(8):1611-1622

Purpose  

Although ivermectin is a widely used lipophilic parasiticide, data on its potential bioaccumulation in aquatic invertebrates are scarce. In this study, bioaccumulation patterns of radiolabeled ³H-ivermectin from sediments into tissues of the sediment-dwelling worm Lumbriculus variegatus were investigated and assessed.  相似文献   

Effect of tree-level airborne laser-scanning measurement accuracy on the timing and expected value of harvest decisions     

Markus Holopainen  Antti Mäkinen  Jussi Rasinmäki  Juha Hyyppä  Hannu Hyyppä  Harri Kaartinen  Risto Viitala  Mikko Vastaranta  Annika Kangas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(5):899-907

The objective was to compare tree-level airborne laser-scanning (ALS) data accuracy with standwise estimation data accuracy as input data for forest planning, using tree- and stand-level simulators. The influence of the input data accuracy was studied with respect to (1) timing of the next thinning or clear-cutting and (2) the relative variation in the predicted income of the next logging expressed as the net present value (NPV). The timing and predicted NPV of thinning and clear-cutting operations were considered separately. The research was based on Monte Carlo simulations carried out with the tree- and stand-level simulators using a simulation and optimisation (SIMO) framework. The simulations used treewise measurements taken on 270 circular plots measured at the Evo Field Station, Finland, as input data. Deviations in the tree data measured were generated according to the mean standard errors found in standwise field estimation and tree-level ALS. The accuracy factors of ALS individual tree detection were based on the EUROSDR/ISPRS Tree Extraction Project. The results show that input data accuracy significantly affects both the timing and relative NPV of loggings. Tree-level ALS produces more accurate simulation results than standwise estimation with the error levels assumed. Diameter-based characteristics are the most important input data in all simulations. Accurate tree height estimates cannot be fully utilised in current simulators.  相似文献   

Propagating the errors of initial forest variables through stand- and tree-level growth simulators     

Antti Mäkinen  Markus Holopainen  Annika Kangas  Jussi Rasinmäki 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(5):887-897

Developments in the field of remote sensing have led to various cost-efficient forest inventory methods at different levels of detail. Remote-sensing techniques such as airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital photogrammetry are becoming feasible alternatives for providing data for forest planning. Forest-planning systems are used to determine the future harvests and silvicultural operations. Input data errors affect the forest growth projections and these effects are dependent on the magnitude of the error. Our objective in this study was to determine how the errors typical to different inventory methods affect forest growth projections at individual stand level during a planning period of 30 years. Another objective was to examine how the errors in input data behave when different types of growth simulators are used. The inventory methods we compared in this study were stand-wise field inventory and single-tree ALS. To study the differences between growth models, we compared two forest simulators consisting of either distance-independent tree-level models or stand-level models. The data in this study covered a 2,000-ha forest area in southern Finland, including 240 sample plots with individually measured trees. The analysis was conducted with Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the tree-level simulator is less sensitive to errors in the input data and that by using single-tree ALS data, more precise growth projections can be obtained than using stand-wise field inventory data.  相似文献   

Phosphorus release from forest harvesting on an upland blanket peat catchment     

Michael Rodgers  Mark O’Connor  Mark Gerard Healy  Connie O’Driscoll  Zaki-ul-Zaman Asam  Mika Nieminen  Russell Poole  Markus Müller  Liwen Xiao 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the release of phosphorus (P) to receiving waters resulting from harvesting 34-year-old lodgepole pine trees in an upland peat catchment. The study site was within a 25.3-hectare (ha) area, and was drained by a stream that received flows from ploughed furrows, mainly, via collector drains, and discharged directly to the salmonid Shrahrevagh River, Burrishoole, Co. Mayo, Ireland. The study site was divided into two parts: the upstream part was left intact and the downstream part was harvested in early Autumn 2005 following implementation of forest guidelines. Good management practices such as proper use of brash mats and harvesting only in dry weather were implemented. Two instrumented stations were established – one just upstream (US) and the other just downstream (DS) of the clearfelled area. The measurement of P concentrations at the two stations commenced in May 2005, two months before the harvesting started. The daily mean P concentration at the DS station increased from about 6 μg L⁻¹ of total reactive phosphorus (TRP) during pre-clearfelling to 429 μg L⁻¹ in August 2006. By October 2009, four years after clearfelling, the P concentrations at the DS station had returned to pre-clearfelling levels. In the first three years after harvesting, up to 5.15 kg ha⁻¹ of TRP was released from the harvested catchment to the receiving water; in the second year alone, 2.3 kg ha⁻¹ of TRP was released. Linear regression can be used to describe the relationship between TRP load and water discharge. About 80% of the total phosphorus (TP) in the study stream was soluble and more than 70% of the P release occurred in storm events, indicating that traditional buffer strips with widths of 15–20 m might not be efficient for P immobilization. The P concentrations were affected by antecedent weather conditions and highest concentrations occurred during storm events following prolonged drought periods. The water extractable phosphorus (WEP) contents in the soil were significantly higher below windrow/brash material than in brash-free areas, and whole-tree harvesting should be studied as one of the means to decrease P export from blanket peats.  相似文献