The science on front-of-package food labels     

Hawley KL  Roberto CA  Bragg MA  Liu PJ  Schwartz MB  Brownell KD 《Public health nutrition》2013,16(3):430-439

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Micronutrient Contents of a Revegetated Saprolite Exposed by Excavation of an Oxisol     

Carolina dos Santos Batista Bonini  Rosane da Silva Días  Marlene Cristina Alves  Cleide Aparecida de Abreu  Eva Vidal Vázquez 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):283-295

Soils of the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been found to be deficient in copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). In this area, an Oxisol was deeply excavated in 1962 during the construction of a hydroelectrical plant, and the exposed saprolite material was abandoned, without any reclamation measures. The abandoned land was a harsh environment for plant growth, and the secondary vegetation has not recovered. A field trial was established in 1992 to assess the effects of different grass species and lime amendments on soil reclamation at the degraded site. In 2011 soil samples were collected at three depths (0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm) from vegetated and bare plots over tilled saprolite, from an untreated area of the saprolite, and from an Oxisol under native forest, used as external reference. Nineteen years after the reclamation effort was begun, the organic carbon (OC) content of the restored saprolite still was much lower than that of the Oxisol under natural vegetation. The undisturbed Oxisol was deficient in extractable Cu (0.16–0.10 mg kg^?1) and Zn (0.10–0.02 mg kg^?1) and exhibited rather low concentrations of extractable iron (Fe; 5.24–1.47 mg kg^?1) and manganese (Mn; 3.21–0.77 mg kg^?1). However, the saprolite under reclamation showed even lower levels of these elements compared to the native forest soil. In the natural soil, OC, N, extractable Fe, Mn, and Cu showed stratification, but this was not the case for extractable Zn. Although the reclaimed saprolite still was far from predisturbance conditions, the revegetation treatments promoted recovery of OC, N, Fe, Mn, and Cu at the surface layers, which resulted in incipient stratification. Extractable Fe, Mn, and Cu were correlated to OC, whereas no association between Zn and OC was detected. Our results also suggest that reclamation of the excavated saprolite may be constrained by micronutrient deficiencies and mostly by the extremely low levels of Zn and Cu.  相似文献   

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the composition of the free amino acid pool of poato tubers     

J. E. Hoff  C. M. Jones  G. E. Wilcox  Marlene D. Castro 《American Journal of Potato Research》1971,48(10):390-394

When the rate of N fertilization was increased from 36 lbs/acre to 336 lbs/acre, the total amino acid pool in the tubers almost doubled. The increases for individual amino acids ranged from none (tyrosine) to 2.7 fold (glutamic acid + glutamine). Aspartic acid and glutamic acid and their corresponding amides constituted the bulk of the free amino acid pool, and increased from 55% to 65% with increasing fertilization. Lysine increased by 1.9 times and methionine by 1.4 times with increasing nitrogen fertilization but the relative proportions of lysine in the pool remained unchanged and methionine decreased from 2.2% to 1.6%. The amino acids could be grouped into four categories with respect to their response to increasing nitrogen levels: those giving almost no response (tyrosine and phenylalanine), those giving full response at low levels of N (amino acids of the serine and pyruvate families), those giving full response at a higher but intermediate level (amino acids of the aspartate family), and those which responded to the highest level of fertilization (glutamic acid + glutamine). The gas chromatographic method used in this study for the analysis of free amino acids is discussed.  相似文献   

Functional Characterization of a New GH107 Endo-α-(1,4)-Fucoidanase from the Marine Bacterium Formosa haliotis     

Marlene Vuillemin  Artem S. Silchenko  Hang Thi Thuy Cao  Maxim S. Kokoulin  Vo Thi Dieu Trang  Jesper Holck  Svetlana P. Ermakova  Anne S. Meyer  Maria Dalgaard Mikkelsen 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)

Fucoidans from brown macroalgae are sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides, that have several beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Controlled enzymatic depolymerization of the fucoidan backbone can help produce homogeneous, defined fucoidan products for structure-function research and pharmaceutical uses. However, only a few endo-fucoidanases have been described. This article reports the genome-based discovery, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, stabilization, and functional characterization of a new bacterial endo-α-(1,4)-fucoidanase, Fhf1, from Formosa haliotis. Fhf1 catalyzes the cleavage of α-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages in fucoidans built of alternating α-(1,3)-/α-(1,4)-linked l-fucopyranosyl sulfated at C2. The native Fhf1 is 1120 amino acids long and belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 107. Deletion of the signal peptide and a 470 amino acid long C-terminal stretch led to the recombinant expression of a robust, minimized enzyme, Fhf1Δ470 (71 kDa). Fhf1Δ470 has optimal activity at pH 8, 37–40 °C, can tolerate up to 500 mM NaCl, and requires the presence of divalent cations, either Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Ni²⁺, for maximal activity. This new enzyme has the potential to serve the need for controlled enzymatic fucoidan depolymerization to produce bioactive sulfated fucoidan oligomers.  相似文献   

Effect of temperature,relative humidity,leaf wetness and leaf age on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spilocaea oleagina</Emphasis> conidium germination on olive leaves     

Friday O. Obanor  Monika Walter  E. Eirian Jones  Marlene V. Jaspers 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,120(3):211-222

The effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH), leaf wetness and leaf age on conidium germination were investigated for Spilocaea oleagina, the causal organism of olive leaf spot. Detached leaves of five ages (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after emergence), six different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C), eight wetness periods (0, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h), and three RH levels (60, 80 and 100%) were tested. Results showed that percentage germination decreased linearly in proportion to leaf age (P < 0.001), being 58% at 2 weeks and 35% at 10 weeks. A polynomial equation with linear term of leaf age was developed to describe the effect of leaf age on conidium germination. Temperature significantly (P < 0.001) affected frequencies of conidium germination on wet leaves held at 100% RH, with the effective range being 5 to 25°C. The percent germination was 16.1, 23.9, 38.8, 47.8 and 35.5% germination at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, respectively, after 24 h. Polynomial models adequately described the frequencies of conidium germination at these conditions over the wetness periods. The rate of germ tube elongation followed a similar trend, except that the optimum was 15°C, with final mean lengths of 175, 228, 248, 215 and 135 μm at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, respectively after 168 h. Polynomial models satisfactorily described the relationships between temperature and germ tube elongation. Formation of appressoria, when found, occurred 6 h after the first signs of germination. The percentage of germlings with appressoria increased with increasing temperature to a maximum of 43% at 15°C, with no appressoria formed at 25°C after 48 h of incubation. Increasing wetness duration caused increasing numbers of conidia to germinate at all temperatures tested (5–25°C). The minimum leaf wetness periods required for germination at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C were 24, 12, 9, 9 and 12 h, respectively. At 20°C, a shorter wetness period (6 h) was sufficient if germinating conidia were then placed in 100% RH, but not at 80 or 60%. However, no conidia germinated without free water even after 48 h of incubation at 20°C and 100% RH. The models developed in this study should be validated under field conditions. They could be developed into a forecasting component of an integrated system for the control of olive leaf spot.  相似文献   

Inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in growth and food consumption in pikeperch,Sander lucioperca L., larvae revealed by individual rearing          下载免费PDF全文

Fabian J Schaefer  Sebastian Flues  Stefan Meyer  Myron A Peck 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(3):800-808

We examined short‐term, inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in rates of growth and food consumption in fish early life stages to gain a mechanistic understanding of why larvae in the same environments often grow at vastly different rates. We made parallel measurements of growth rate in standard length (GR_SL) and food consumption rate (C), and provide estimates of weight growth rate (GR_DW) and gross growth efficiency (GGE = 100*GR_DW/C) of individually reared larvae of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca L., fed Artemia nauplii at 20°C and a salinity of 2.0 g L^?1. Within two trials, GR_SL, C and GGE were obtained for 108 larvae over a maximum period of 28 days. Mean (±SD) initial size, GR_SL, C and GGE were 19.49 (9.19) mm, 0.68 (0.21) mm day^?1, 0.85 (0.44) mg day^?1 and 36.5 (10.2)% respectively. The vast majority (91%) of the variability in growth was explained by differences in food consumption. When isolated from conspecifics for 28 days, relatively small larvae grew faster than relatively large ones, partially mitigating initial differences in size‐at‐age.  相似文献   

Expression of the chicken lysozyme gene in potato enhances resistance to infection byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica     

Carolina Serrano  Patricio Arce-Johnson  Hebert Torres  Marlene Gebauer  Mónica Gutierrez  Mauricio Moreno  Xavier Jordana  Alejandro Venegas  Julio Kalazich  Loreto Holuigue 《American Journal of Potato Research》2000,77(3):191-199

Infection of potato plants and tubers with the bacteriumErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica produces blackleg and soft rot diseases, which cause significant losses to crops and stored potatoes. In order to obtain resistance against this bacterium, the genechly encoding the enzyme lysozyme from chicken was introduced into potato plants (cv. Desirée) viaAgrobacterium- mediated transformation. Sixty-three and 69 transgenic potato clones were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to blackleg and soft rot diseases, respectively. Results reported in this paper indicate that 21%-29% of the potato clones showed increased resistance to infection by the bacteriumE. c. subsp.atroseptica T7, as revealed by a reduced severity of blackleg or soft rot symptoms. Nine clones showing different levels of resistance were selected for further molecular analysis. The number of copies of the transgene integrated in the plant genome of these clones was estimated by Southern blot analysis. The level of transgene expression, detected by Northern blot analysis, correlated with the level of resistance detected in these clones.  相似文献   

Purchases of ready-to-eat cereals vary across US household sociodemographic categories according to nutritional value and advertising targets     

Castetbon K  Harris JL  Schwartz MB 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(8):1456-1465

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Amlodipine-induced gingival hyperplasia in a Great Dane     

Pariser MS  Berdoulay P 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2011,47(5):375-376

A 3 yr old, 70 kg (154 lbs) female spayed Great Dane developed gingival hyperplasia after treatment of systemic hypertension with amlodipine 7.5 mg q 12 hr for 16 mo. Physical examination was unremarkable except for systemic hypertension and severe gingival hyperplasia. Amlodipine was replaced with hydralazine (0.72 mg/kg [0.32 mg/lb]). Nine months later, gingival hyperplasia was nearly resolved and hypertension was well controlled. Calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine are a rare cause of gingival hyperplasia in the canine patient. Recognition of this side effect is important because a full recovery can be achieved when the offending agent is removed.  相似文献   

Level of Glycolyzable Substrates in Stallion Semen: Effect of Ejaculation Frequency on Sperm Survival after Cool Storage during the Nonbreeding Season     

Sandra Gamboa  Marlene FranciscoPaula Gomes  Cláudia MendesManuel Machado-Faria  DVM  João Ramalho-Santos 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(3):109-115

Although seminal characteristics are routinely evaluated in the stallion, the effect of collection schedules and seminal plasma on semen quality during cool storage is not well understood, specifically during the nonbreeding season when cryopreservation of stallion semen is preferentially performed. To address these issues, behavioral characteristics, seminal parameters, and biochemical markers (d-glucose, fructose, and citric acid) were measured in ejaculates (n = 60) obtained during the nonbreeding season. Semen was collected from three stallions, twice a day (1-hour gap between successive collections) and two times in a week. Differences between the means of first and second ejaculates were observed for erection latency (P < .001), which was higher in second ejaculates and determined a higher total breeding time (P < .1). Variations introduced by the stallion were significant for number of mounts (P < .05, in first ejaculates), erection latency (P < .001, in second ejaculates), and total breeding time (P < .001, in second ejaculates). First and second ejaculates differed significantly for sperm motility and sperm concentration (P < .001, higher in first ejaculates) and pH (P < .01, higher in second ejaculates). d-glucose was present in seminal plasma at a much higher concentration than fructose (P < .001) in both ejaculates. There were no significant stallion-associated differences in sperm vitality and pH in the first and second ejaculates as well as in sperm concentration for the second ejaculates. The effect of seminal plasma on equine sperm survival during cooled storage was analyzed by monitoring sperm motility and cell morphology after conservation in an extender medium with and without seminal plasma. When statistically considering seminal plasma and conservation time simultaneously, it was found that these variables affected acrosomal status and midpiece morphology.  相似文献