Practical animal-handling classes at University College Dublin     

Hanlon A  Gath V  Mulligan F 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2007,34(5):561-565

The first two years of the veterinary program at University College Dublin (UCD) include two modules whereby students gain experience in basic animal handling. Practical Animal Husbandry uses both lectures and animal handling classes aimed at teaching students to approach, restrain, and carry out routine husbandry procedures on food-producing and companion animals humanely and competently and to be aware of the risks to human health of inappropriate animal approach and handling. Staff and students are given lists of animal-handling competencies designed to ensure that students attain relevant handling skills for beef and dairy cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, and exotics (e.g., rabbits, guinea pigs). Students are allotted up to 12 weeks of Farm and Companion Animal Experience, an extramural (EMS) activity, according to their prior experience; the objectives are to become proficient in the handling and management of animals and to develop an understanding of the key husbandry factors in food-production systems (milk, beef, lamb, pork) at the farm level. Students are assessed in practical examinations at the end of the second year and cannot progress until they have achieved the required competence. In addition to the pedagogic strategies, special consideration is given to the welfare of the animals used in teaching practicals and to the health and safety of teaching staff and students.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Brazilian populations to ryanodine receptor modulators          下载免费PDF全文

Mateus R Campos  Tadeu BM Silva  Wellington M Silva  Jefferson E Silva  Herbert AA Siqueira 《Pest management science》2015,71(4):537-544

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Optimal irrigation efficiency for maximum plant productivity and minimum water loss   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. Burke  M. Mulligan  J. B. Thornes 《Agricultural Water Management》1999,40(2-3):377-391

Castilla-La Mancha in Central Spain is a semi-arid area of extremely high interannual and seasonal rainfall variability. Average annual rainfall for the catchment of the Upper Guadiana using data from 60 rain gauges for October 1956–September 1991 varied from a minimum of 326 mm in October 1982–October 1983 to a maximum of 642 mm in October 1968–September 1969. The mean annual rainfall for the period was 495 mm with a coefficient of variation for annual rainfall of 26.4%. In addition to this the spatial variability of rainfall is particularly high. For example total annual rainfall varied from 200 to 1200 mm for the hydrological year October 1968–September 1969 over a distance of only 50 km. The mean annual rainfall for all 60 stations for the period 1956–1991 was 460 mm with a coefficient for spatial variation of 15%. Dryland farming which relies on these uncertain precipitation inputs is a high risk activity [Tarjuelo, J.M., de Juan, J.A., Valiente, M., Garcia, P., 1996. Agric. Water Manage. 31, 145–163] and over recent decades intensive irrigation has increased dramatically in order that precipitation inputs can be supplemented as required thereby allowing more stable agricultural productivity. The paper uses a coupled hydrology and vegetation growth model – PATTERN [Mulligan, M., 1996. Modelling hydrology and vegetation change in a degraded semi-arid environment. PhD. Thesis, University of London] to explore the relationship between irrigation and productivity for different soils typical of the Upper Guadiana catchment. Analysis of the model results shows that irrigation efficiency is highly sensitive to both soil texture and irrigation volume. Optimally efficient irrigation in terms of water losses occurs at the lowest volumes of applications. Fine grained soils are better suited to irrigation than coarse grained soils as losses to recharge are minimised. Coarse grained soils have large recharge losses and irrigation is also more sensitive to small changes in texture for coarser soils. Irrigation losses through recharge are also very sensitive to the interannual and spatial variability of rainfall.  相似文献   

Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AA Zakhidov  RH Baughman  Z Iqbal  C Cui  I Khayrullin  SO Dantas  J Marti  VG Ralchenko 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,282(5390):897-901

Porous carbons that are three-dimensionally periodic on the scale of optical wavelengths were made by a synthesis route resembling the geological formation of natural opal. Porous silica opal crystals were sintered to form an intersphere interface through which the silica was removed after infiltration with carbon or a carbon precursor. The resulting porous carbons had different structures depending on synthesis conditions. Both diamond and glassy carbon inverse opals resulted from volume filling. Graphite inverse opals, comprising 40-angstrom-thick layers of graphite sheets tiled on spherical surfaces, were produced by surface templating. The carbon inverse opals provide examples of both dielectric and metallic optical photonic crystals. They strongly diffract light and may provide a route toward photonic band-gap materials.  相似文献   

Anal fibropapillomas containing bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA in two groups of heifers     

JS Munday  AA Cullum  NA Thomson  M Bestbier  T McCormack  AF Julian 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2018,66(5):267-271

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Immunolocalization of angiogenic growth factors in the ovine uterus during the oestrus cycle and in response to Steroids          下载免费PDF全文

TD Tremaine  AA Fouladi‐Nashta 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2018,53(3):667-679

The vascular changes associated with endometrial maturation in preparation for embryo implantation depend on numerous growth factors, known to regulate key angiogenic events. Primarily, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family promotes vascular growth, whilst the angiopoietins maintain blood vessel integrity. The aim was to analyse protein levels of VEGFA ligand and receptors, Angiopoietin‐1 and 2 (ANG1/2) and endothelial cell receptor tyrosine kinase (TIE‐2) in the ovine endometrium in the follicular and luteal phases of the oestrus cycle and in response to ovarian steroids. VEGFA and its receptors were localized in both vascular cells and non‐vascular epithelium (glandular and luminal epithelium) and stroma cells. VEGFA and VEGFR2 proteins were elevated in vascular cells in follicular phase endometrium, compared to luteal phase, most significantly in response to oestradiol. VEGFR1 was expressed by epithelial cells and endothelial cells and was stimulated in response to oestradiol. In contrast, Ang‐1 and Ang‐2 proteins were elevated in luteal phase endometrium compared to follicular phase, and in response to progesterone, evident in vascular smooth muscle cells and glands which surround TIE‐2‐expressing blood vessels. Our findings indicate that VEGFA is stimulated by oestradiol, most predominantly in follicular phase endometrium, and Ang‐1 and 2 are stimulated by progesterone and were increased during the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle, during the time of vascular maturation.  相似文献   

Changes in the Expression of the Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gene in Different Physiological Stages in the Mammary Gland of the Iranian Adani Goat          下载免费PDF全文

S Morammazi  AA Masoudi  R Vaez Torshizi  A Pakdel 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(4):585-590

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Detection and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from fresh semen of naturally infected dogs in Southern Brazil          下载免费PDF全文

MO Koch  RR Weiss  AA Cruz  VT Soccol  KA Gonçalves  MAF Bertol  OC Beltrame  RL Dittrich 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(4):550-554

The aim of this study was to isolate Toxoplasma gondii and determine the viability of the parasite in fresh semen samples of clinically healthy adult dogs naturally infected. Eleven seropositive dogs with T. gondii IgG antibodies from southern Brazil were selected to confirm the presence and viability of T. gondii in fresh semen samples using in vitro isolation in Vero cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis. The presence of viable T. gondii was confirmed by in vitro isolation and PCR in five semen samples. The ITS1 region of the isolated protozoa (TG S4) was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence obtained was 99% compatible with the T. gondii DNA sequences stored in the GenBank. It has been shown that T. gondii tachyzoites may be isolated in vitro from fresh semen samples of clinically healthy dogs seropositive for T. gondii.  相似文献   

Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application     

Stein HH  Sève B  Fuller MF  Moughan PJ  de Lange CF;Committee on Terminology to Report AA Bioavailability  Digestibility 《Journal of animal science》2007,85(1):172-180

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe the bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA in pig feed ingredients is defined. Aspects of the methodology to establish bioavailability and ileal digestibility values also are discussed, and recommendations about the use of these values are provided. Two main factors can contribute to differences between bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA. First, some AA, such as Lys, may be absorbed in chemical complexes that preclude their use for metabolism. Second, fermentation in the upper gut may result in a net loss or gain of AA to the animal. In addition, dietary effects on the efficiency of using bioavailable AA intake for tissue growth or milk production should be considered and may be attributed to endogenous AA losses in the hindgut and the metabolic costs associated with endogenous gut protein synthesis and losses. Ileal digestibility values may be expressed as apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), or true ileal digestibility (TID). These terms are used to specify how ileal endogenous AA losses are reflected in digestibility values. Ileal endogenous AA losses may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as levels and types of fiber and antinutritional factors. Values for AID are established when total ileal outflow of AA (i.e., the sum of endogenous losses and nondigested dietary AA) is related to dietary AA intake. A concern with the use of AID values is that these are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. This concern may be overcome by correcting AID values for defined basal endogenous losses of AA, which yields SID values. Furthermore, if the AID values are corrected for basal and specific endogenous losses, then values for TID are calculated. However, reliable procedures to routinely measure specific endogenous losses are not yet available. It is recommended that basal ileal endogenous losses of AA should be measured in digestibility experiments using a defined protein-free diet and that these losses are reported with observed AID and SID values. It is suggested that SID values should be used for feed formulation, at least until more information on TID values becomes available.  相似文献   

Two Methods of Vitrification Followed by In Vitro Culture of the Ovine Ovary: Evaluation of the Follicular Development and Ovarian Extracellular Matrix          下载免费PDF全文

FT Bandeira  AA Carvalho  SV Castro  LF Lima  DA Viana  JSAM Evangelista  MJS Pereira  CC Campello  JR Figueiredo  APR Rodrigues 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(2):177-185

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two vitrification techniques on the extra cellular matrix (ECM) and ovarian follicular development. The ovarian cortex was fragmented (9 mm³) and divided into six groups, viz. fresh control, cultured control, vitrified by the Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem (OTC) method, conventional solid surface vitrification (SSV) method, OTC/cultured and SSV/cultured. Follicles from all the fragments were analysed for morphology, development and viability. The ECM was evaluated based on the condition of collagen and reticular fibres and the immunolocalization of type I collagen and fibronectin. After 7 days of culture, the tissue vitrified by OTC revealed a higher percentage (p < 0.05) of morphologically normal (30.66%) and viable (60.00%) follicles when compared with those vitrified using the SSV technique (21.33% and 23.00%). In all the fragments cultured, regardless of the vitrification method, a significantly higher percentage of developing follicles was observed when compared with the non‐cultured tissue. Analysis of the type I collagen showed increased immunostaining after the in vitro culture in the vitrified fragments. In conclusion, the OTC is better for preserving the follicular viability and morphology and maintaining the integrity of the extracellular matrix components of the ovine ovary.  相似文献