Marine research. Congress fiddles with law while scientists burn     

Lubick N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5625):1486-1487

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Asynchronous diversification in a specialized plant-pollinator mutualism     

Ramírez SR  Eltz T  Fujiwara MK  Gerlach G  Goldman-Huertas B  Tsutsui ND  Pierce NE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1742-1746

Most flowering plants establish mutualistic associations with insect pollinators to facilitate sexual reproduction. However, the evolutionary processes that gave rise to these associations remain poorly understood. We reconstructed the times of divergence, diversification patterns, and interaction networks of a diverse group of specialized orchids and their bee pollinators. In contrast to a scenario of coevolution by race formation, we show that fragrance-producing orchids originated at least three times independently after their fragrance-collecting bee mutualists. Whereas orchid diversification has apparently tracked the diversification of orchids' bee pollinators, bees appear to have depended on the diverse chemical environment of neotropical forests. We corroborated this apparent asymmetrical dependency by simulating co-extinction cascades in real interaction networks that lacked reciprocal specialization. These results suggest that the diversification of insect-pollinated angiosperms may have been facilitated by the exploitation of preexisting sensory biases of insect pollinators.  相似文献   

Carotenoids in marine invertebrates living along the Kuroshio current coast     

Maoka T  Akimoto N  Tsushima M  Komemushi S  Mezaki T  Iwase F  Takahashi Y  Sameshima N  Mori M  Sakagami Y 《Marine drugs》2011,9(8):1419-1427

Carotenoids of the corals Acropora japonica, A. secale, and A. hyacinthus, the tridacnid clam Tridacna squamosa, the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, and the small sea snail Drupella fragum were investigated. The corals and the tridacnid clam are filter feeders and are associated with symbiotic zooxanthellae. Peridinin and pyrrhoxanthin, which originated from symbiotic zooxanthellae, were found to be major carotenoids in corals and the tridacnid clam. The crown-of-thorns starfish and the sea snail D. fragum are carnivorous and mainly feed on corals. Peridinin-3-acyl esters were major carotenoids in the sea snail D. fragum. On the other hand, ketocarotenoids such as 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin and astaxanthin were major carotenoids in the crown-of-thorns starfish. Carotenoids found in these marine animals closely reflected not only their metabolism but also their food chains.  相似文献   

Comparison of 3 different reinforcements of learning in dogs (Canis familiaris)     

Megumi Fukuzawa  Naomi Hayashi 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2013,8(4):221-224

Effective dog training involves reinforcement of the dog's correct actions in response to specific cues given by the trainer. Food is usually selected as the primary reinforcer (reward), although this selection does not necessarily account for the learning preferences of individual dogs. We evaluated the relationship between reward and learning efficiency. Fifteen dogs were allocated to 3 different reward groups (food, stroking, and praise) and trained by an identical process. The food reward was the only one that shortened the time taken for the response to the command to be completed. However, this difference occurred only in the early training stages and not later in the training process.  相似文献   

Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities     

Kifayatullah Kakar  Naomi Asagi  Masakazu Komatsuzaki  Fumitaka Shiotsu  Toshiaki Kokubo 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):510-518

ABSTRACT

Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m², and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m², and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Subchronic Toxicity of Dietary Administered Equisetum arvense in F344 Rats     

Tago Y  Wei M  Ishii N  Kakehashi A  Wanibuchi H 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2010,23(4):245-251

Equisetum arvense, commonly known as the field horsetail, has potential as a new functional food ingredient. However, little information is available on its side effects, and the general toxicity of Equisetum arvense has yet to be examined in detail. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of administration in diet at doses of 0, 0.3, 1 and 3% for 13 weeks in male and female F344 rats. No toxicity was detected with reference to clinical signs, body weight, urinalysis, hematology and serum biochemistry data and organ weights. Microscopic examination revealed no histopathological lesions associated with treatment. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Equisetum arvense was determined to be greater than 3% in both sexes of F344 rat (males and females: >1.79 g/kg BW/day and >1.85 g/kg BW/day, respectively) under the conditions of the present study.  相似文献   

Protocol: a simple gel-free method for SNP genotyping using allele-specific primers in rice and other plant species     

Naoki Hirotsu  Naomi Murakami  Takayuki Kashiwagi  Kazuhiro Ujiie  Ken Ishimaru 《Plant methods》2010,6(1):12

Background  

Genotype analysis using multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a useful but labor-intensive or high-cost procedure in plant research. Here we describe an alternative genotyping method that is suited to multi-sample or multi-locus SNP genotyping and does not require electrophoresis or specialized equipment.  相似文献   

Tensile Comparison of Polydioxanone,Polyglyconate, and Barbed Glycolide‐Trimethylene Carbonate Suture in Canine Cadaveric Tensor Fascia Lata          下载免费PDF全文

Naomi Shimizu  John Tarlton  Ed Friend  Ivan Doran  Kevin Parsons 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2017,46(1):89-94

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Ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in American bison: virus and host dynamics in the development of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever     

Cunha CW  Gailbreath KL  O'Toole D  Knowles DP  Schneider DA  White SN  Taus NS  Davies CJ  Davis WC  Li H 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,159(3-4):307-319

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Perivertebral B-Cell Lymphoma in a Queensland Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) with Paralytic Symptoms in the Hind Limbs     

Kido N  Edamura K  Inoue N  Shibuya H  Sato T  Kondo M  Shindo I 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2012,74(8):1029-1032

A male Queensland koala (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) at Kanazawa Zoological Gardens (Kanagawa, Japan) exhibited paralytic symptoms in the hind limbs. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass on the left ventral side of the 11th to 13th thoracic vertebrae, and the presence of myelitis or edema in the spinal cord. The koala was under anesthesia during the examination and suddenly developed ventricular fibrillation and died. Necropsy revealed a firm flat ovoid hemorrhagic mass on the vertebrae. Following a microscopic examination including immunohistochemistry, the perivertebral mass was diagnosed as B cell lymphoma. Therefore, neoplastic cell infiltration into the spinal cord may cause paralytic symptoms in the hind limbs.  相似文献