Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: a review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts          下载免费PDF全文

Twiner MJ  Rehmann N  Hess P  Doucette GJ 《Marine drugs》2008,6(2):39-72

Azaspiracids (AZA) are polyether marine toxins that accumulate in various shellfish species and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxications since 1995. This toxin class has since been reported from several countries, including Morocco and much of western Europe. A regulatory limit of 160 microg AZA/kg whole shellfish flesh was established by the EU in order to protect human health; however, in some cases, AZA concentrations far exceed the action level. Herein we discuss recent advances on the chemistry of various AZA analogs, review the ecology of AZAs, including the putative progenitor algal species, collectively interpret the in vitro and in vivo data on the toxicology of AZAs relating to human health issues, and outline the European legislature associated with AZAs.  相似文献   

Spatial units and scales for cultural ecosystem services: a comparison illustrated by cultural heritage and entertainment services in Scotland     

Aalders  Inge  Stanik  Nils 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(7):1635-1651

Landscape Ecology - The diverse use of spatial units and scales in cultural ecosystem service (CES) assessments hinders the development of systematic approaches and the comparability of CES studies...  相似文献   

Influence of Physical Training and Pre-Slaughter Exercise on Fluid Retention,Colour and Adenosine Triphosphate of Pork Muscle     

Claes Rülcker  Paul Lindberg  Nils Lannek 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1967,8(2):189

Wateriness and a pale colour seriously impair the quality of pork and have given rise to an extensive literature (cf. 1). No reports have appeared, however, on the effects of physical training of the pigs.  相似文献   

Monitoring protein structural changes and hydration in bovine meat tissue due to salt substitutes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy     

Perisic N  Afseth NK  Ofstad R  Kohler A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(18):10052-10061

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of NaCl and two salt substitutes, MgSO4 and KCl, in different concentrations (1.5, 6.0, and 9.0%) on meat proteins by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Hydration properties and secondary structural properties of proteins were investigated by studying the amide I, amide II, and water regions (3500-3000 cm(-1)) in FTIR spectra. By applying multivariate analysis (PCA and PLSR), differences between samples according to salt concentration and salt type were found and correlated to spectral bands. The most distinctive differences related to salt type were obtained by using the water region. It was found that samples salted with MgSO4 exhibited hydration and subsequent denaturation of proteins at lower concentrations than those salted with NaCl. Samples salted with KCl brines showed less denaturation even at the 9.0% concentration. The FTIR results were further supported by water-binding capacity (WBC) measurements.  相似文献   

Biochemical constituents in domestic and wild horses I. Serum proteins, electrolytes and metabolites     

Ronald E. Borchard DVM  PhD  Harry W. Vaughn DVM  LeRoy V. Gallagher DVM  MS  Steven L. Schmidt B.S. 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1982,2(4):119-126

Serum chemical determinations were made in groups of domestic and wild horses under various conditions of restraint and captivity. Results obtained differed very little from normal horse values, but did vary between groups. In general, few differences between males and females within groups were seen, but recently captured wild horses varied from domestic horses and wild horses held in captivity. The stress of capture and confinement was thought to have affected some of the measured parameters.  相似文献   

On the Fine Structure and Mucosubstances in the Bulbourethral Gland in the Domestic Boar     

Ellen Holm  Nielsen  Vibeke Wang  Sørensen Nils  Björkman 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1977,6(3):278-283

The purpose was to study the fine structure of the cells and the histochemistry of the mucosubstances of the porcine bulbourethral gland. The material comprised adult boars from the Danish Landrace, two for electron microscopy and 10 for ordinary histology and histochemistry. The methods included histology, electron microscopy and histochemical tests on mucosubstances. The fine structure of the cells and the histochemistry of the mucosubstances of the secretory granules were described. The functional aspects of the findings were discussed.  相似文献   

Biochemical constituents in domestic and wild horses II. Serum enzymes     

Ronald E. Borchard DVM  PhD  LeRoy V. Gallagher DVM  MS  Steven L. Schmidt BS  Harry W. Vaughn DVM  John W. Kramer DVM  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1982,2(5):159-167

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Spatial distribution of Escherichia coli O157-positive farms in Scotland     

Toft N  Innocent GT  McKendrick IJ  Ternent HE  Mellor DJ  Gunn GJ  Synge B  Reid SW 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,71(1-2):45-56

Using a sample of 949 Scottish farms with finishing cattle, the spatial distribution of Escherichia coli O157-positive farms was investigated using disease mapping models. The overall prevalence of E. coli O157-positive farms was estimated as 22%. The regions used in this study were the 16 postcode areas of Scotland. For each region, the posterior relative risk (RR) was estimated as a model-based alternative to the saturated standardized morbidity ratio (SMR), i.e., the ratio between observed and expected cases in a region. Three Bayesian hierarchical models with generalized linear modeling of the area-specific risks were used to estimate the posterior relative risk of E. coli O157-positive farms in the postcode areas: a random-effects model incorporating only spatially uncorrelated heterogeneity; a model incorporating both spatially correlated and uncorrelated heterogeneity; and a pseudo-mixture model with unstructured correlation and a weighted mix of two variance components representing the spatial correlation and a jump structure. None of the models identified any areas with a significant increase or decrease in risk. The deviance information criteria slightly favored the simplest model (RR range: 0.92--1.09). However, this model appeared to smooth out more of the variation in the RR compared to the pseudo-mixture model, which gave a more informative pattern of the posterior relative risks (range: 0.81--1.22).  相似文献   

Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part IV: Uptake and elimination of oxamyl compared with carbofuran     

J Rgen Stenersen  Nils ien 《Pest management science》1980,11(4):396-400

Uptake and excretion of the two carbamates, oxamyl and carbofuran, which differ greatly in their toxicity to earthworms, were studied in one worm species; the metabolism of oxamyl was studied in six worm species. Carbofuran was taken up by the worms at a much higher rate (13 times greater) than oxamyl when the worms were dipped in aqueous solutions of the pesticides. The relative rates of elimination were the same (half-life 2.5 h). Metabolism of oxamyl was low in all the earthworms studied. The low rate of uptake may therefore be the main factor for the safety of oxamyl in respect of these important non-target organisms.  相似文献   

Neurogenic and Myogenic Responses in Isolated Smooth Muscle of The Bovine Teat     

Axel Isaksson  Nils O. Sjstrand 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1984,25(3):385

Strips of bovine teat smooth muscle were studied. Their innervation was investigated with analytical pharmacology on field stimulated preparations. The content of noradrenaline in the teat wall and the sphincter region was determined. The main results were: teat smooth muscle has properties of single unit smooth muscle i.e. automaticity and active response to stretch. Especially the sphincter region is inclined to rapid phasic rhythmicity. The teat smooth muscle receives excitatory adrenergic innervation. The noradrenaline released from the nerves preferentially activates α-adrenoceptors, while β-adrenoceptors essentially are noninnervated and humoral. The sphincter region has a higher concentration of noradrenaline and a more intimate neuro-effector arrangement. This is probably of functional significance. Moderate chilling increases the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation while it is decreased at higher temperatures. This has most likely physiological importance. The results are discussed with respect to in vivo findings and it is concluded that the bovine teat smooth muscle with its excitatory adrenergic nerves forms a normally very efficient neuro-effector system with a particular strength in the sphincter around the streak canal.  相似文献