Immunogene expression in head kidney and spleen of common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) following thermal stress and challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas hydrophila</Emphasis>     

Neetu Shahi  László Ardó  Gyöngyvér Fazekas  Elen Gócza  Shivendra Kumar  Norbert Rèvèsz  Zsuzsanna Jakabné Sándor  Zsuzsanna Molnár  Galina Jeney  Zsigmond Jeney 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(3):727-741

To evaluate the effect of thermal and microbial stress on the immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), relative mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β] and other genes related to immune or stress response [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), superoxide dismutase one (SOD1), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)] was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, total protein and total immunoglobulin level in blood plasma of experimental common carp was also assayed. All the above parameters were estimated 24 h post-challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Common carp (54.89?±?6.90 g) were initially exposed to 20 °C (control group) and 30 °C (thermal stress group) water temperature for 30 days, followed by experimental challenge with 2.29?×?10⁸ colony forming unit/mL (CFU/mL; LD₅₀ dose) of A. hydrophila. Exposure of fish to thermal stress and subsequently challenge with A. hydrophila significantly (P?<?0.05) increases the IL-1β mRNA expression in head kidney and spleen of common carp by ~?39.94 and ~?4.11-fold, respectively. However, TNF-α mRNA expression in spleen decreased ~?5.63-fold in control fish challenged with A. hydrophila. Thermal stress and challenge with bacterium suppresses the iNOS and GR mRNA expression in spleen of common carp. Moreover, significant (P?<?0.05) increase in total protein content of blood plasma (~?43 mg/g) was evident in fish exposed to thermal stress and challenged with A. hydrophila. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of elevated temperature stress and microbial infection in differential regulation of expression of several immunogenes in common carp.  相似文献   

Weed control with selected herbicides in acetolactate synthase-resistant sorghum   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Shane Hennigh  Kassim Al-Khatib  Randall S. Currie  Mitchell R. Tuinstra  Patrick W. Geier  Phillip W. Stahlman  Mark M. Claassen 《Crop Protection》2010

The recent development of grain sorghum hybrids with resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides has allowed for the use of several post-emergence applied (POST) ALS-inhibitors to control weeds in the crop. Field experiments were conducted at four sites in Kansas in 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone or in combination with dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine. All POST treatments slightly injured sorghum 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) at Garden City and Hesston, whereas at Hays and Manhattan, only treatments that included dicamba caused injury. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone provided 41, 83, 74, and 93% control of grasses 4 WAT at Garden City, Hays, Hesston, and Manhattan, respectively. However, to obtain the highest level broadleaf weed control, nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron need to be applied with other broadleaf herbicides. POST treatment of nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided 90% or greater control of all broadleaf weeds at sorghum flowering. Sorghum grain yield was greater following all herbicide treatments compared with the weedy check. The POST treatment that provided the highest yield at Garden City was nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + atrazine, whereas in Hesston and Manhattan, nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided the highest yields. This research showed that many grasses can be effectively controlled with POST applications of nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in ALS-resistant sorghum. The research also indicated that broadleaf weed control is greater when nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron are applied with other broadleaf-control herbicides such as dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine.  相似文献   

Pleuritis in slaughter pigs: Relations between lung lesions and bacteriology in 10 herds with high pleuritis     

Pichai Jirawattanapong  Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden  Henk Wisselink  Toine Cruijsen  Mirjam Nielen 《Research in veterinary science》2010,88(1):11-15

Pleuritis in slaughter pigs has increased in recent years in the Netherlands. The aim of the present study was to determine what respiratory pathogens were involved in pleuritis.In total, lungs of 968 slaughter pigs from 10 herds with high prevalence of pleuritis were morphologically examined for size, location, and type of lesions. Moreover, histology and bacteriology were performed.Examination of gross lung lesions showed 45% pleuritis, 14% pleuropneumonia and 38% catarrhal pneumonia. Peribronchiolar cuffing was found in 61 of 142 samples. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was cultured from 22 lung samples from four herds. Pasteurella multocida was cultured from 55 lung samples in eight herds. No specific pattern with respect to the causal pathogens was found.In conclusion, no single infectious cause of pleuritis was found. A variety of infectious agents combined with environmental factors should be considered as a cause of pleuritis.  相似文献   

Effect of land use types on decomposition of 14C-labelled maize residue (Zea mays L.)     

Haiqing Chen  Mingsheng Fan  Norbert Billen  Karl Stahr  Yakov Kuzyakov 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2009,45(2):123-130

The effect of three land use types on decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residues and soil organic matter were investigated under laboratory conditions. Samples of three Dystric Cambisols under plow tillage (PT), reduced tillage (RT) and grassland (GL) collected from the upper 5 cm of the soil profile were incubated for 159 days at 20 °C with or without ¹⁴C-labelled maize residue. After 7 days cumulative CO₂ production was highest in GL and lowest in PT, reflecting differences in soil organic C (SOC) concentration among the three land use types and indicating that mineralized C is a sensitive indicator of the effects of land use regime on SOC. ¹⁴CO₂ efflux from maize residue decomposition was higher in GL than in PT, possibly due to higher SOC and microbial biomass C (MBC) in GL than in PT. ¹⁴CO₂ efflux dynamics from RT soil were different from those of PT and GL. RT had the lowest ¹⁴CO₂ efflux from days 2 to 14 and the highest from days 28 to 159. The lowest MBC in RT explained the delayed decomposition of residues at the beginning. A double exponential model gave a good fit to the mineralization of SOC and residue-¹⁴C (R² > 0.99) and allowed estimation of decomposition rates as dependent on land use. Land use affected the decomposition of labile fractions of SOC and of maize residue, but had no effect on the decomposition of recalcitrant fractions. We conclude that land use affected the decomposition dynamics within the first 1.5 months mainly because of differences in soil microbial biomass but had low effect on cumulative decomposition of maize residues within 5 months.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of international Fusarium head blight screening nurseries of wheat at CIMMYT, Mexico   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinyao He  Pawan K. Singh  Etienne Duveiller  Norbert Schlang  Susanne Dreisigacker  Ravi P. Singh 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(1):123-134

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat to wheat production globally, causing not only yield losses but also food and feed contamination. FHB research began at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in the early 1980’s, and since then, large-scale FHB screening has been conducted to identify and incorporate new resistance genes into elite CIMMYT germplasm. Promising lines with good FHB resistance were regularly compiled as a Fusarium Head Blight Screening Nursery (FHBSN) and distributed worldwide. The first FHBSN was assembled in 1985, and the most recent two were the 13th and 14th FHBSN that were released in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Candidate lines for a FHBSN came mainly from different CIMMYT wheat breeding programs and were tested for three consecutive years before being included in an FHBSN. FHBSN screening was conducted under strictly standardized field conditions at El Batán, where CIMMYT headquarters is located, using artificial inoculation of F. graminearum strains, whose aggressiveness and DON chemotypes had been previously identified. FHB index was scored at 31 days after inoculation for all lines and DON concentration was measured only for elite lines in their 2nd and 3rd year of evaluation. Haplotyping is a new tool for genetic characterization of FHBSN entries and helps to identify new resistance sources with novel resistance genes and to better target crosses toward diversifying and/or pyramiding resistance. The 13th FHBSN was taken as an example in this paper to show the procedure and strategy for the development of new FHB resistant lines.  相似文献   

Shoot cadmium concentration of soil‐grown plants as related to their root properties     

Christos Stritsis  Bernd Steingrobe  Norbert Claassen 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2012,175(3):456-465

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants, animals, and humans. However, different plant species growing on the same soil may have very different shoot Cd concentrations depending on properties such as size of the root system, Cd net influx, shoot‐growth rate, Cd translocation from root to shoot, and the ability to affect Cd availability in the soil. To investigate possible reasons for different shoot Cd concentrations maize, sunflower, flax, and spinach were grown on an acid sandy soil (pH<$>_{{\rm{(CaCl}}_{\rm{2}} {\rm)}<$> 4.5, and C_org 2.8%) in a growth chamber with Cd additions as Cd(NO₃)₂ of none, 14, and 40 μmol (kg soil)^–1 resulting in Cd soil‐solution concentrations of 0.04, 0.68, and 2.5 μM. Only the high Cd addition caused a significant growth reduction of flax and spinach. The shoot Cd concentration was up to 30 times higher in spinach than in maize; the other species were intermediate. Of the plant properties studied only the variation of the Cd net influx explained the differences in shoot Cd concentrations. This was due to a decreased (maize, sunflower) or increased (flax) Cd concentration in soil solution or more effective uptake kinetics (spinach).  相似文献   

Possible involvement of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in cold-induced sweetening of potato tubers     

Pieternel A. M. Claassen  Miriam A. W. Budde 《Potato Research》1996,39(1):141-151

Summary In measuring fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11; FBPase) in potato tubers, we used anti PFP antibodies to ensure that the assay was specific for FBPase and that PPi:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.90: PFP) did not contribute to the production of fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P). The involvement of cytosolic FBPase in cold sweetening was determined by monitoring enzyme activity during storage ofSolanum tuberosum cv. Erntestolz tubers at 2 or 8°C. In contrast to the rapid increase in sucrose and reducing sugars, the specific activity of FBPase showed no change and PFP rose slightly during storage at 2°C. Sugar concentrations and enzyme activities remained virtually unchanged during storage at 8°C. These data allow the interconversion of fructose 1.6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P₂) to Fru-6-P and vice versa by FBPase and PFP, respectively, in potato tubers, but do not support a causal relationship between coarse metabolic control of FBPase and cold-induced sweetening.  相似文献   

Amino acid catalysis of 2-alkylfuran formation from lipid oxidation-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes     

Adams A  Bouckaert C  Van Lancker F  De Meulenaer B  De Kimpe N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(20):11058-11062

The formation of 2-alkylfurans from the corresponding lipid-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under dry-roasting conditions was investigated in detail. The addition of an amino acid to an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde drastically increased 2-alkylfuran formation. Peptides and proteins as well were able to catalyze 2-alkylfuran formation from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Further investigation of 2-alkylfuran formation showed the need of oxidizing conditions and the involvement of radicals in the reaction. This way, the formation of 2-methylfuran from 2-pentenal, 2-ethylfuran from 2-hexenal, 2-propylfuran from 2-heptenal, 2-butylfuran from 2-octenal, 2-pentylfuran from 2-nonenal, and 2-hexylfuran from 2-decenal was shown. The impact of amino acids on 2-alkylfuran formation from lipid-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes represents an interesting example of the complex role of amino acids in the multitude of chemical reactions occurring during thermal processing of lipid-rich foods.  相似文献   

Mechanistic insights into furan formation in Maillard model systems     

Van Lancker F  Adams A  Owczarek-Fendor A  De Meulenaer B  De Kimpe N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(1):229-235

Furan has recently received considerable attention as a possibly carcinogenic compound occurring in thermally processed foods. Although several food constituents have been identified as furan precursors, multiple formation pathways remain unclear. Therefore, the mechanisms of furan formation in Maillard model systems were studied by means of the carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) technique. Under both roasting and pressure-cooking conditions, furan was formed from glucose via the intact skeleton, and its formation pathways from glucose alone were not amino acid-dependent. However, some amino acids, especially alanine and serine, did influence the furan production by providing an additional formation pathway. Furthermore, most amino acids enhanced the furan production from glucose. Roasting conditions produced 25-100 times higher amounts of furan as compared to pressure-cooking conditions. Surprisingly, in the alanine/glucose model systems, the relative importance of furan production from glucose alone and from the combination of a glucose-derived and an alanine-derived fragment changed completely over a limited time course of 60 min.  相似文献   

Regeneration of Nitrogen Fertility In Disturbed Soils Using Composts     

V.P. Claassen  J.L. Carey 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(2):145-152

Soil disturbance often results in loss of soil organic matter and nitrogen (N) fertility, making revegetation of barren areas difficult. Yard waste composts are a potential source material to regenerate soil fertility so that revegetation success is improved. The N release behaviors of several compost materials produced within California were evaluated during a long-term, 586-day aerobic incubation. Two general types of compost were tested, including yard waste compost materials (lawn clippings and chipped brush) and cocomposted materials (biosolids bulked and composted with yard waste materials). Nitrogen release from composted material was measured using periodic soil solution extraction and soluble N analysis. Nitrogen release rates varied widely between source materials during the initial portions of the incubation period, with cocomposts having much greater release rates than the yard waste composts. Yard waste composts that were poorly cured or had high woody fiber content showed net immobilization of N during the initial incubation periods, which could potentially lead to N-limitations for plant growth in field conditions. Following additional curing in the soil, however, all yard waste compost materials had positive net N mineralization release rates. Release rates were similar to some of the native soils used as reference materials. The relationship of long-term aerobic N release and several other indicators of mineralizable or “bioavailable” N were evaluated, but the relationship of these other indicators with the aerobic incubation data was low. Because the cumulative N release from yard waste compost materials was a small fraction of the material's total N content, N leaching losses in field conditions are expected to be small and of short duration. Steady, long-term N release patterns were observed from composts throughout the second half of the study and would be expected to continue for an extended period in the field. Composts are shown to provide a suitable replacement source of slowly available N for plant establishment on drastically disturbed, low nutrient soils.  相似文献