Response to laboratory selection with cyromazine and susceptibility to alternative insecticides in sheep blowfly larvae from the New South Wales Monaro     

GW Levot 《Australian veterinary journal》2013,91(1-2):61-64

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wildlife on three deer farms with a history of Johne's disease     

G Nugent  EJ Whitford  JC Hunnam  PR Wilson  ML Cross  GW de Lisle 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):293-298

Abstract

AIM: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in wildlife, in pastoral landscapes with a recent history of clinical Johne's disease in livestock.

METHODS: A total of 449 wild mammals and birds from three farms in the South Island of New Zealand with recent histories of clinical Johne's disease in their deer herds were trapped and examined for gross pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, individual mesenteric lymph nodes from 380 mammals, and segments of gastrointestinal tract from 32 birds were excised, homogenised and cultured for viable Map bacilli. The prevalence of Map infection was then calculated for the various species. Faecal samples from those mammals which had culture-positive tissues were further cultured for the presence of Map.

RESULTS: Gross pathological changes were identified in the gastrointestinal tract of four brushtail possums, one cat, six ferrets, 12 hares, six hedgehogs, three rabbits, one stoat, and one paradise shelduck. Infection with Map in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed in only three of these cases, one each of brushtail possums, hares and hedgehogs. In contrast, Map infection in the absence of gross pathological changes was frequently recorded in enteric tract tissues of mammals and birds. Among mammals, Map infection was recorded in 18/73 (25%) brushtail possums, 4/23 (17%) cats, 15/42 (36%) hedgehogs and 29/113 (26%) rabbits. Among birds, intestinal tract tissue Map infection was recorded in 3/17 (18%) paradise shelducks. Among 64 of the 74 mammals which had Map culture-positive tissues, 38% (n=5) of hedgehogs and 11% (n=3) of rabbits also had culture-positive faecal samples.

CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify that Map infection can be prevalent in wildlife in New Zealand. There was a high prevalence of Map infection among both scavenging and grazing wild animals. Both mammals and birds are capable of harbouring viable Map organisms in their gastrointestinal tract; further, viable Map was excreted into the environment via faeces by hedgehogs and rabbits.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Previous studies overseas have postulated a role of wildlife as reservoirs of Map infection and possible vectors of Johne's disease to livestock. Here, brushtail possums, hedgehogs and rabbits and in particular were identified as potential wildlife hosts for Map infection in NewZealand. This suggests that several wildlife species could contribute to the persistence of Map infection within a wildlife/livestock complex, and potentially, perhaps more importantly, to the spread of infection between farms.  相似文献   

Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from brushtail possums with non-visible lesions     

GW de Lisle  GF Yates  JD Coleman 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(4):221-224

AIM: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) that did not have macroscopic lesions of bovine tuberculosis, and to evaluate culture of pooled tissues from multiple possums as a method for determining the M. bovis-infection status of wildlife populations in New Zealand.

METHODS: Pools of selected tissues were collected from possums from four different populations known to be infected with M. bovis. Tissue pools from individual animals, and combined pools from multiple animals, were cultured for M. bovis.

RESULTS: In the four populations investigated, the prevalence of possums with macroscopic lesions confirmed by culture to be infected with M. bovis ranged from 1 to 19 (mean 31/283; 10.9)%. The prevalence of possums with non-visible lesions that were culture positive for M. bovis in the same populations ranged from 4 to 10 (mean 24/283; 8.5)%. The mean of the log10 cfu of M. bovis of the macroscopic lesions and of the culture-positive samples that did not have visible lesions was 3.85 (SE 0.26) and 1.46 (SE 0.26) log₁₀ cfu, respectively (p<0.01). Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pools of 30–50 animals in the four populations studied.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding of M. bovis infection in possums with non-visible lesions identified a potential deficiency of declaring possum populations free of M. bovis on the basis of absence of macroscopic lesions. The culturing of pools of selected tissues from multiple animals without visible lesions can be used to reduce laboratory costs of possum surveys without a major reduction in the ability to detect M. bovis infection.  相似文献   

Effect of pH and ethanol content of solvent on rheology of zein solutions     

Panadda Nonthanum  Youngsoo Lee  Graciela W. Padua 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

Zein, a corn protein, is a mixture of the polypeptides α-, γ-, β-, and δ-zein. α-Zein and γ-zein comprise 70–85% and 10–20% of total zein mass, respectively. Both peptides have similar amino acid composition, except γ-zein is rich in cysteine. The presence of cysteine has been associated with gelation of zein solutions. A common solvent for zein is aqueous ethanol. Preliminary results suggested that pH and ethanol content affect the rheology of zein solutions. Our objective was to investigate the effect of ethanol content (65–90%) and pH of the solvent (2, 6, and 12) on rheological properties of zein solutions (20% w/w) containing γ-zein. Steady shear tests and oscillatory time sweeps were performed to determine flow behavior and gelation time of zein solutions. Results indicated that α-zein solutions were nearly Newtonian while those containing γ-zein showed shear thinning behavior. At high pH, γ-zein increased the consistency index (K) and shortened gelation time. Results were attributed to the cysteine in γ-zein. High pH promoted formation of disulfide bonds leading to higher K values and shorter gelation times. Results of this work are expected to be useful in the design of zein extraction processes and the development of new zein applications.  相似文献   

Evaluation of dressings to aid healing of mulesing wounds on sheep     

GW. LEVOT  PB. HUGHES  CJ. KALDOR 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(11):358-361

Five proprietary and one experimental dressing were compared with no treatment in their ability to aid healing of mulesing wounds in over 1900 young lambs. Healing was judged as the completeness of shrinkage of the mulesing cuts and the condition of scabs on the new skin surface. When assessed at 21 d it was found that treatment with Heriots Crown Wound Powder or Coopers Mulesing Powder offered a significant advantage over leaving the wounds untreated. Neither aqueous organophosphate washes, Defiance nor Defiance containing 0.08% chlorfenvinphos offered any healing advantage over controls. However, washing the wounds with an aqueous organophosphate solution aided healing more than the Defiance-based dressings. It was considered that the powders or the washes encouraged quick scab formation either by creating a dry covering (powders) or by washing away blood and allowing fast drying of the wound. The Defiance-type dressings slowed healing by keeping the wound moist for up to 10 d, but healing was not significantly different to the untreated group by 21 d.  相似文献   

Juvenile selection of Gmelina arborea clones in the Philippines     

Padua  Francisco M. 《New Forests》2004,28(2-3):195-200

Data collected periodically from one of the oldest Gmelina arborea Roxb. (gmelina) clonal trials of Provident Tree Farms Incorporated in the Philippines were analyzed to identify what clones were genetically superior. Age–age correlations were also examined to determine the efficacy of early clonal selection. Results showed that among the 11 clones of Gmelina arborea that were tested, two clones, 25 and 26, were the best performers. At 72 months, these two clones had an average per tree volume of 0.675?m³ and 0.725?m³ and diameter at breast height of 28.9?cm and 29.3?cm, respectively. Analysis of juvenile data also showed that these two clones were consistently the best at a young age. Of the two juvenile traits measured (basal diameter and total height), total height at 9 months of age was the best predictor of performance at 72 months with genetic correlations ranging from 0.50 to 0.90. These results suggests that early selection at 9 months in gmelina clonal plantings is feasible and is a practical means of reducing the breeding and testing cycles.

Palabras clave: Correlaciones de edad–edad, Productividad, Propagación

Resumen. Se analizaron los datos recolectados periódicamente de uno de los ensayos clonales más antiguos de Gmelina arborea (gmelina) localizado en las Filipinas, en la finca de árboles Provident Tree Farm Inc Para identificar los clones genéticamente superiores. Así mismo se examinaron las correlaciones de edad–edad, para determinar la eficacia de la selección clonal temprana. Los resultados mostraron que entre los 11 clones de Gmelina arborea que fueron ensayados, dos clones, los números 25 y 26 fueron los que dieron mejores resultados y a los 72 meses de edad, estos dos clones tuvieron un promedio de volumen por árbol de 0.675?m³ y 0.725?m³ y diámetro a la altura de pecho de 28.9?cm y 29.3?cm, respectivamente. El análisis de datos de edad temprana también mostró a estos dos clones como los mejores consistentemente a edad temprana. De las dos características juveniles medidas (diámetro basal y altura total), la altura total a los 9 meses fué el mejor pronosticador del rendimiento del árbol a los 72 meses de edad, con correlaciones genéticas con un rango de 0.50 a 0.90. Estos resultados sugieren que es posible hacer selecciones tempranas, a los 9 meses de edad, en las plantaciones clonales de gmelina y que este es un medio práctico de reducir los ciclos de mejoramiento y de ensayos.

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Properties and Microstructure of Plasticized Zein Films     

Huey-Min Lai  Graciela W. Padua 《Cereal Chemistry》1997,74(6):771-775

A new method for preparation of zein films involving plasticization of zein with oleic acid to form an intermediate moldable resin was presented. The resin was stretched over rigid frames to form thin membranes that were set in flexible films. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of film preparation method on film properties. Tensile properties, microstructure, and thermal behavior of zein films plasticized with oleic acid were investigated for films prepared by conventional casting from ethanol solutions and by stretching of plasticized resins. Cast films were stiff and brittle, whereas resin films showed more flexibility and toughness. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of cast films indicated phase separations were generated when heated that were not observed for resin films. Microstructure images showed a higher degree of structure development and orientation in resin than in cast films. Glass-transition temperatures of resin films were measured at -94 and 104.4° C, indicating the film remained flexible through a wide temperature range. Resin film flexibility and toughness were attributed to effective plasticization that led to fiber formation and orientation.  相似文献   

Tensile properties and water absorption of zein sheets plasticized with oleic and linoleic acids.     

F X Budi Santosa  G W Padua 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(5):2070-2074

Corn zein has been investigated for fabrication of biodegradable packaging materials. Our objective was to investigate the effect of added plasticizers, oleic and linoleic acids, on tensile properties and water absorption of zein sheets. Moldable resins were precipitated from aqueous ethanol dispersions of zein and fatty acids and rolled into sheets of approximately 0.5 mm in thickness. To increase plasticization effects, zein-oleic acid sheets were replasticized by heating them in fatty acid baths. Plasticization resulted in flexible sheets of high clarity, low modulus, and high elongation and toughness, although low tensile strength. Water absorption of zein sheets was lowered by plasticization, attributed in part to reduced mass fraction of zein. Polymerization of linoleic acid may have sealed off pores on sheet surfaces, thus slowing water absorption.  相似文献   

EVALUATION OF THE WARP‐TURBO SPIN ECHO SEQUENCE FOR 3 TESLA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF STIFLE JOINTS IN DOGS WITH STAINLESS STEEL TIBIAL PLATEAU LEVELING OSTEOTOMY IMPLANTS     

Renee E. Simpler  Sharon C. Kerwin  Bunita M. Eichelberger  Corey R. Wall  James A. Thompson  Abraham Padua  David Purdy  John F. Griffin IV 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2014,55(4):414-419

Susceptibility artifacts caused by ferromagnetic implants compromise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the canine stifle after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) procedures. The WARP‐turbo spin echo sequence is being developed to mitigate artifacts and utilizes slice encoding for metal artifact reduction. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the WARP‐turbo spin echo sequence for imaging post TPLO canine stifle joints. Proton density weighted images of 19 canine cadaver limbs were made post TPLO using a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. Susceptibility artifact sizes were recorded and compared for WARP vs. conventional turbo spin echo sequences. Three evaluators graded depiction quality for the tibial tuberosity, medial and lateral menisci, tibial osteotomy, and caudal cruciate ligament as sufficient or insufficient to make a diagnosis. Artifacts were subjectively smaller and local structures were better depicted in WARP‐turbo spin echo images. Signal void area was also reduced by 75% (sagittal) and 49% (dorsal) in WARP vs. conventional turbo spin echo images. Evaluators were significantly more likely to grade local anatomy depiction as adequate for making a diagnosis in WARP‐turbo spin echo images in the sagittal but not dorsal plane. The proportion of image sets with anatomic structure depiction graded adequate to make a diagnosis ranged from 28 to 68% in sagittal WARP‐turbo spin echo images compared to 0–19% in turbo spin echo images. Findings indicated that the WARP‐turbo spin echo sequence reduces the severity of susceptibility artifacts in canine stifle joints post TPLO. However, variable depiction of local anatomy warrants further refinement of the technique.  相似文献   

Survival advantage of cyromazine‐resistant sheep blowfly larvae on dicyclanil‐ and cyromazine‐treated Merinos     

GW Levot  BJ Langfield  DJ Aiken 《Australian veterinary journal》2014,92(11):421-426

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